![\"\"](\"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/170215-Belrhali-beamline_1.jpg\")
MX is short for \u2018macromolecular crystallography,\u2019 the study of determining the 3D structure of large molecules. MAD, on another hand, stands for \u2018multiple anomalous dispersion,\u2019 a technique that lets scientists determine 3D structural details of a molecule by comparing its diffraction patterns at different wavelengths. In 2006, Belrhali and Amit Sharma, from the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in India, used a similar technique at BM14 to elucidate the structure of a molecule that lets a malaria parasite enter and infect human red blood cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The results of their study were instrumental in further understanding malaria. In an effort to let others benefit from the same resources they had had access to, Belrhali and Sharma decided to create a formal partnership with ESRF and EMBL. Their idea was to allow the whole Indian scientific community to access the powerful tools from BM14 and take their experiments to the next level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Most Indian users run experiments on a \u2018home source,\u2019 which uses the same principles as X-ray machines in hospitals: an electron beam fires at a piece of metal, exciting the atoms which then emit X-rays as they relax down to their \u2018ground state.\u2019 Just as Belrhali and Sharma had found during their work on malaria, biological crystals often diffract poorly at in-house sources. Determining 3D structures became very challenging. As more users grew frustrated with their resources, Belrhali tells me, \u201cthe natural evolution was that they gained access to BM14.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Into the synchrotron<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
From the outside, the ESRF facility is so big that it is easy to forget that it is ring-shaped. On the inside it is even more impressive: Belrhali and I stand above the large outer ring of the synchrotron and a labyrinthine corridor of 43 beamlines radiating off of the main ring. Below our feet, the electron beam hurtles through the 850-metre circumference at nearly the speed of light, just like it does 24 hours a day. Behind us, a scientist idly whizzes past us on a scooter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The ESRF creates X-rays by accelerating electrons around the huge ring layered with magnets. The magnets control the speed and direction of the electrons; whenever they accelerate electrons around the ring they also generate X-rays that are fired off tangentially. At each of those points a beamline channels those X-rays and uses them for a particular experiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n EMBL and ESRF manage seven beamlines together and make them available to around 2500 structural biology users each year. Every day they enable the elucidation of new structures for biological macromolecules, but also technical advancements to make crystallography experiments more efficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Some scientists joke that when you\u2019ve seen one beamline, you\u2019ve seen them all. At a glance, they look alike. But in fact, each beamline runs different experiments, is run by a different scientist and specialises in different techniques. BM14, or Bending Magnet 14, is a dedicated crystallography beamline for macromolecules; it is run in collaboration by the RCB, ESRF and EMBL and was one of the first beamlines to use the MAD technique on biological material. It is also one of the last beamlines where things are still run by hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It\u2019s the end of an era. But the collaboration is not over yet<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n \u201cBM14 is like one old taxi with lots of charm. An experiment is like the landscape \u2013 with BM14, you have time to immerse yourself in it,\u201d Belrhali says. \u201cNew beamlines are like new taxis \u2013 fast and shiny. But in the end, both can get you to your destination.\u201d Technological improvements in beamline technology have allowed experiments to run autonomously, remotely and with better resolution. It is these beamlines that are in higher demand, and BM14 is in the process of being shut down to make way for them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The impact of BM14 on Indian research and the development of structural biology in India is considerable. Between 2010 and 2016, 58 groups from 34 institutes visited BM14. Here, hundreds of experiments took place and 418 papers were published. Belrhali is considering a second career as a teacher, in order to continue sharing his passion with students and spreading the best practices on the most advanced technologies. \u201cBM14 was a fantastic place to train new students and enable experiments that were near impossible in India,\u201d he exclaims. \u201cIt\u2019s the end of an era. But the collaboration is not over yet.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n Building upon the very fruitful collaborative relationship that BM14 enabled, EMBL and India are looking to identify and encourage new, long-term cooperative activities of mutual benefit in fields of common interest.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Beamline BM14 in Grenoble shuts down, continues collaboration with India<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":9168,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,17591],"tags":[91,29,37,25],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-9163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lab-matters","category-science-technology","tag-biotechnology","tag-crystallography","tag-grenoble","tag-partnerships"],"acf":{"article_intro":" Beamline BM14 in Grenoble shuts down, continues collaboration with India<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Beamline BM 14","link_url":"https:\/\/www.embl.fr\/services\/synchrotron_access\/bm14\/index.html"}],"article_sources":false,"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53"},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/170215-Belrhali-beamline_2.jpg\")
Slowing down<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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