{"id":8741,"date":"2016-12-02T10:04:56","date_gmt":"2016-12-02T09:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=8741"},"modified":"2024-03-25T10:06:49","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T09:06:49","slug":"1612-catching-the-chaperone","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/","title":{"rendered":"Catching the chaperone in the act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u201cI probably should have thrown those protein samples away,\u201d says EMBL group leader Christian L\u00f6w. In 2009, one year into his postdoc, L\u00f6w was struggling to make any headway with his research into membrane proteins and set up yet another crystallisation trial in the vain hope of making that long awaited step forward. \u201cI knew the prepared batch was contaminated with other proteins before we even started,\u201d he says. \u201cBut we were under so much pressure to get results we went ahead anyway.\u201d Predictably, the membrane protein he needed failed to crystallise. Yet L\u00f6w had unwittingly shone light on another group of proteins that help chains of amino acids \u2013 the building blocks of proteins \u2013 fold into a 3D structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>SlyD show<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The story starts over a decade ago when, as an undergraduate, L\u00f6w came across a protein known as SlyD. Proteins produced by the cell start off as long chains of amino acids, somewhat like a bead necklace. Only when these chains have been folded into a 3D shape can they do the jobs they are destined to do. For the most part, a chain of amino acids folds into a 3D shape by itself, but for certain arrangements it needs a helping hand. SlyD is a protein of two parts: a chaperone that grabs hold of the chain and pins it in place, so that an enzyme known as prolyl isomerase, can catalyse the changes needed. Although well studied, no one had been able to show just how SlyD does this \u2013 a problem that has long intrigued L\u00f6w, despite it not being the major focus of his research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p>By following an unexpected lead, we\u2019ve contributed significantly to the knowledge about protein folding<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Years later, in temporary limbo while his PhD supervisor set up a new lab in Halle(Saale), L\u00f6w realised that crystallography could help him learn more about the atomic arrangements of SlyD. Shining X-rays on crystalline samples of the protein, he managed to determine the overall 3D structure of SlyD obtained from the bacterium <em>Thermus thermophilus<\/em>. Yet because protein crystals only capture one snapshot in time, he could not say much about how the protein actually functions. To do so he would have to capture the process at the precise moment the protein binds to the amino acid chain \u2013 and crystallise it in the act. \u201cChaperones such as SlyD only bind to their partners very fleetingly, often for only a few thousandths of a second&nbsp;\u2013 it didn\u2019t seem possible,\u201d L\u00f6w explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As he started his postdoc, SlyD remained a side project as he wrapped his mind around the challenge of studying membrane proteins. \u201cMembrane proteins are the gateways to the cell and understanding how they let molecules in and out is crucial for working out how we might shuttle drugs into the cell, for example,\u201d L\u00f6w explains. \u201cIt\u2019s hard enough to crystallise proteins at the best of times, but membrane proteins are particularly difficult because they have to be extracted from the cell membrane before they can be crystallised. At the time there was a lot of frustration and we certainly did a lot of things wrong, but that\u2019s the membrane business!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Synchrotron surprise<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One day after yet another crystallisation trial, L\u00f6w was surprised to see a set of well-formed crystals under the microscope. He knew these were far too forthcoming to be membrane protein crystal. But curiosity got the better of him: he took them to the synchrotron. \u201cThat was actually the first time I had been on my own,\u201d he recalls. \u201cI completely fried the few crystals, but nevertheless the data were encouraging.\u201d Follow up experiments showed that he had unwittingly managed to crystallise a close relative of SlyD, but this time from the bacterium <em>E.coli<\/em>. \u201cBefore we can crystallise a protein, we need to make lots of it,\u201d he explains. \u201cWe do this by inserting the gene that codes for the protein into <em>E.coli<\/em>, tricking it into producing the protein we need. In our case this didn\u2019t work and instead of membrane proteins, we managed to crystallise a contaminant from <em>E.coli<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p>Failure is an important part of science: Even if it\u2019s not going as expected, there could be something interesting there<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>But even this SlyD did not bind long enough with the unfolded amino acid chains to be crystallised. Months later, frustrated with another dead end, L\u00f6w struck upon an idea. What if he combined the <em>T.thermophilus<\/em> SlyD with amino acid chains identified for the <em>E.coli<\/em> SlyD? \u201c<em>Thermus thermophilus<\/em> loves extremely hot temperatures, while <em>E.coli<\/em> prefers lower temperatures,\u201d he explains. \u201cTypically the higher the temperature the weaker the binding, so I wondered if combining them in this way would hold it together longer so that we could finally have a long enough time window to crystallise the moment the protein binds to the amino acid chain. And I was right!\u201d he says with a smile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ten years of trials, tears and tribulations has now resulted in the publication of a data-rich paper in <em>BMC Biology<\/em>, including structural information and a proposed catalytic mechanism. \u201cBy following an unexpected lead, we\u2019ve contributed significantly to the knowledge about protein folding,\u201d says L\u00f6w. And as for his membrane research? \u201cWe are a lot better at it now than we were eight years ago! Although it is still a challenging field, we have many more tools and methods at our disposal. Failure is such an important part of science: most important is to be able to look at your experiments and, even if it\u2019s not going as expected, there could be something interesting there. That is what makes a scientist a scientist. That is science.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How Christian L\u00f6w\u2019s failed experiment led to an unexpected scientific journey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":8745,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[29,53,461,35],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-8741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-crystallography","tag-hamburg","tag-low","tag-structural-biology"],"acf":{"article_intro":"<p>How Christian L\u00f6w\u2019s failed experiment led to an unexpected scientific journey<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"X-ray structure of SlyD from Thermus thermophilus solved during L\u00f6w's PhD","link_url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.03.014"},{"link_description":"X-ray structure of a SlyD homologue from E. coli ","link_url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.12-208397"},{"link_description":"L\u00f6w group at EMBL in Hamburg","link_url":"http:\/\/www.embl-hamburg.de\/research\/unit\/loew\/index.html"}],"article_sources":[{"source_description":"<p>Quistgaard E.M<em>. et al. BMC Biology<\/em> 23 September 2016. DOI: 10.1186\/s12915-016-0300-3<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-016-0300-3"}],"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53"},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Catching the chaperone in the act | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Catching the chaperone in the act | EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How Christian L\u00f6w\u2019s failed experiment led to an unexpected scientific journey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-12-02T09:04:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-25T09:06:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/161202-catching-chaprrone_ib.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Rosemary Wilson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@rawilson80\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rosemary Wilson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rosemary Wilson\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/bb5e57a6c6c5c3b33a6a40b2d4c96e40\"},\"headline\":\"Catching the chaperone in the act\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-12-02T09:04:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-25T09:06:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/\"},\"wordCount\":967,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1612-catching-the-chaperone\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/161202-catching-chaprrone_ib.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"crystallography\",\"hamburg\",\"l\u00f6w\",\"structural biology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\",\"Science &amp; 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