{"id":8173,"date":"2016-10-04T11:28:03","date_gmt":"2016-10-04T09:28:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=8173"},"modified":"2024-03-25T10:13:36","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T09:13:36","slug":"1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/","title":{"rendered":"In pursuit of flat growth in leaves"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>How does a set of plant cells grow from a bump into a flat leaf that can efficiently capture sunlight? In a paper published this week in <em>PNAS<\/em>, EMBL scientists show how different types of molecules on the top and bottom of a leaf keep each other in check, ensuring the leaf grows flat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a leaf develops, its cells create two different tissues, one on each side of the leaf. Scientists knew that only cells in the top side produce proteins called Class III HD-ZIPs. In the bottom layer, these Class IIIs are suppressed by another set of molecules called microRNA165\/166. But how are those microRNAs confined to the bottom side?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marcus Heisler\u2019s labs at EMBL and at the University of Sydney found that the Class IIIs in the top tissues of the leaf act together with some closely related proteins, the Class IIs, to suppress the microRNAs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When Paz Merelo, a postdoc in Heisler\u2019s lab at EMBL, examined <em>Arabidopsis<\/em> plants in which these Class IIs were not functioning, the microRNAs were no longer inhibited in the top side of the growing leaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-8177 size-full\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-centered  size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"380\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth1.jpg\" alt=\"Normally (left), the microRNAs (green) are only found in the cells that will form the bottom side of the leaf. But in the absence of Class IIs (right) they were present throughout the young leaves. IMAGE: Paz Merelo\/EMBL\" class=\"wp-image-8177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth1.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth1-300x184.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">Normally (left), the microRNAs (green) are only found in the cells that will form the bottom side of the leaf. But in the absence of Class IIs (right) they were present throughout the young leaves. IMAGE: Paz Merelo\/EMBL<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>So in the absence of Class IIs, the Class IIIs alone aren\u2019t able to counter the microRNAs. The microRNAs can then switch off the Class IIIs on both the bottom and the top of the leaves, and consequently the leaves don\u2019t flatten out, but grow stem-like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-8188 size-full\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-centered  size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"380\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth3.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth3-300x184.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">In plants where Class IIs are switched off (right), Class III activity (red) is drastically reduced throughout the growing leaves. IMAGE: Paz Merelo\/EMBL<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe activities of the Class III HD-ZIPs and microRNAs somehow have to be perfectly balanced, right from the beginning, to get a nice leaf,\u201d says Heisler. &nbsp;\u201cAnd that seems unlikely to happen on its own: so what\u2019s maintaining this balance?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heisler and colleagues are following up on the work, looking into how the balance between \u2018top\u2019 and \u2018bottom\u2019 factors is maintained, honing in on exactly how Class IIIs and Class IIs work together, and investigating other molecules that are restricted to only one side of a growing leaf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study was a collaboration with Stephan Wenkel\u2019s lab at the University of Copenhagen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EMBL scientists investigate how leaves grow flat to efficiently capture sunlight<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[55,43,438,57,1748],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-8173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-development","tag-heidelberg","tag-heisler","tag-postdoc","tag-press-release"],"acf":{"article_intro":"<p>EMBL scientists investigate how leaves grow flat to efficiently capture sunlight<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Heisler Group, EMBL","link_url":"http:\/\/www.embl.de\/research\/units\/dev_biology\/heisler\/"},{"link_description":"Stephan Wenkel's group, University of Copenhagen","link_url":"http:\/\/cpsc.ku.dk\/meet-the-scientists-page\/stephan-wenkel-group\/"}],"article_sources":[{"source_description":"<p>Merelo <em>et al.<\/em> <i>PNAS Early Edition<\/i>, published online 3 October 2016. DOI:\u00a010.1073\/pnas.1516110113<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2016\/09\/29\/1516110113"}],"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53","show_featured_image":false,"in_this_article":false,"youtube_url":"","mp4_url":"","video_caption":"","translations":false,"press_contact":"EMBL Generic"},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>In pursuit of flat growth in leaves<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"EMBL scientists investigate how leaves grow flat to efficiently capture sunlight\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In pursuit of flat growth in leaves\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"EMBL scientists investigate how leaves grow flat to efficiently capture sunlight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-10-04T09:28:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-25T09:13:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth-ib.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sonia Furtado Neves\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Aur_ora\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sonia Furtado Neves\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sonia Furtado Neves\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/d926199a955624b44dda296f396c5e68\"},\"headline\":\"In pursuit of flat growth in leaves\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-04T09:28:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-25T09:13:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/\"},\"wordCount\":409,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1610-pursuit-flat-growth-leaves\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/161003-in-pursuit-of-flat-growth-ib.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"development\",\"heidelberg\",\"heisler\",\"postdoc\",\"press release\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\",\"Science &amp; 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