{"id":69745,"date":"2024-08-21T09:33:10","date_gmt":"2024-08-21T07:33:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/?p=69745"},"modified":"2024-08-29T14:04:47","modified_gmt":"2024-08-29T12:04:47","slug":"the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/","title":{"rendered":"The forces behind chromosome repulsion and attraction during cell division"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In the human body, several million cells divide every second. This process, called mitosis, is a fundamental biological process during which cells copy, pack, and separate their genetic material (in the form of chromosomes) into daughter cells with the help of specific proteins. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1097276524006208?via%3Dihub\">new study<\/a> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/groups\/cuylen\/\">Cuylen Group<\/a> at EMBL Heidelberg sheds light on one of the key molecular pathways involved in this process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chromosomes reside in the nucleus for most of the cell\u2019s life. However, when human cells divide, they compact and separate their chromosomes before opening the nucleus and releasing them into the cytoplasm. This facilitates the segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. However, when the new daughter nuclei form, chromosomes must come together again. How do cells first separate their chromosomes and then bring them back together?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This switching behaviour of chromosomes during mitosis was the basis for Alberto Hernandez-Armendariz\u2019s PhD project in the Cuylen Group at EMBL Heidelberg. The project also involved a collaboration with scientists from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/groups\/ellenberg\/\">Ellenberg Group<\/a> at EMBL Heidelberg and the <a href=\"https:\/\/ist.ac.at\/en\/research\/saric-group\/\">\u0160aric Group<\/a> at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe saw that chromosomes repel each other at the beginning of mitosis, and then, in the final stage of the division, they attract each other. We wanted to find out how cells can change the properties of their chromosomes during cell division,\u201d said Hernandez-Armendariz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-embed vf-embed--16x9 | vf-u-margin__bottom--400\">\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/youtube.com\/embed\/3IGvoDdPM0Q?si=QwojjKk4G04SbGh1\" frameborder=\"0\" controls allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n  \n<figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption vf-u-margin__top--200\">Recording of a cell undergoing cell division using fluorescent microscopy. Credit: Alberto Hernandez-Armendariz, Andreas Brunner\/EMBL<\/figcaption>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers discovered that biophysical properties of chromosomes during mitosis are regulated by a protein called Ki-67, which can switch from acting as a chromosome repellent to a chromosome attractant. \u201cWe were surprised to discover that the same protein can have opposite functions and can rapidly switch between them through a chemical modification of the Ki-67 molecule, known as dephosphorylation,\u201d said Cuylen-H\u00e4ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They also found that during the switch, Ki-67 teams up with RNA molecules, forming a liquid-like \u2018glue\u2019 on the surface of chromosomes via a process called phase separation. This liquid \u2018glue\u2019 sticks chromosomes to each other and helps them to cluster more easily. This, in turn, helps in the formation of daughter nuclei, which contributes to a successful cell division.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cKi-67 has been used as a cell division marker and cancer prognosis for decades, but we are just now understanding how it contributes to cell division,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/people\/person\/sara-cuylen-haering\/\">Cuylen-H\u00e4ring<\/a>. \u201cI am convinced there is still much more to discover about this intriguing protein.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EMBL Heidelberg researchers discovered how a protein switches between repelling and gluing chromosomes during cell division. This helps the mother cell to divide the genome equally into two daughter cells and cluster chromosomes inside the daughter nuclei, ensuring a successful cell division.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":69867,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17591],"tags":[64,619,66,535,1970,4716,43,620,18615,616],"embl_taxonomy":[19193,9796],"class_list":["post-69745","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-technology","tag-cell-biology","tag-cell-cycle","tag-cell-division","tag-chromosome","tag-cuylen","tag-cuylen-haring","tag-heidelberg","tag-mitosis","tag-phase-separation","tag-protein","embl_taxonomy-cuylen-group","embl_taxonomy-embl-heidelberg"],"acf":{"featured":true,"show_featured_image":false,"field_target_display":"embl","field_article_language":{"value":"english","label":"English"},"article_intro":"<p>EMBL researchers discovered how a protein switches chromosomes from repelling to attracting each other during cell division<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Cuylen Group ","link_url":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/groups\/cuylen\/"},{"link_description":"How to remove unwanted components from the cell nucleus","link_url":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/remove-material-nucleus\/"}],"source_article":[{"publication_title":"A liquid-like coat mediates chromosome clustering during mitotic exit.","publication_link":{"title":"","url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.07.022","target":""},"publication_authors":"Hernandez-Armendariz A., et al. ","publication_source":"Molecular Cell","publication_date":"16 August 2024","publication_doi":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.07.022"}],"in_this_article":false,"press_contact":"None","article_translations":false,"languages":"","vf_locked":false},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[{"uuid":"a:3:{i:0;s:36:\"302cfdf7-365b-462a-be65-82c7b783ebf7\";i:1;s:36:\"64999cc4-9a7c-4fea-8339-0e2acc990e08\";i:2;s:36:\"f902c031-b698-4479-957c-644ff57a782e\";}","parents":[],"name":["Cuylen Group"],"slug":"cuylen-group","description":"What &gt; Cell biology and biophysics &gt; Cuylen Group"},{"uuid":"a:3:{i:0;s:36:\"b14d3f13-5670-44fb-8970-e54dfd9c921a\";i:1;s:36:\"89e00fee-87f4-482e-a801-4c3548bb6a58\";i:2;s:36:\"ab46b6d4-71d8-49f8-b2f4-b326d4c8ea4e\";}","parents":[],"name":["EMBL Heidelberg"],"slug":"embl-heidelberg","description":"Where &gt; All EMBL sites &gt; EMBL Heidelberg"}],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The forces behind chromosome repulsion and attraction during cell division | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chromosomes are glued together during the final stages of cell division by the formation of a liquid-like protein\u2013RNA layer.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The forces behind chromosome repulsion and attraction during cell division | EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chromosomes are glued together during the final stages of cell division by the formation of a liquid-like protein\u2013RNA layer.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-21T07:33:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-29T12:04:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20240820_Cuylen.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Andreia Pinho\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Andreia Pinho\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Andreia Pinho\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/a071e5f2934627b3b53bf3b4c8bc9160\"},\"headline\":\"The forces behind chromosome repulsion and attraction during cell division\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-21T07:33:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-08-29T12:04:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/\"},\"wordCount\":403,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/the-forces-behind-chromosome-repulsion-and-attraction-during-cell-division\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20240820_Cuylen.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"cell biology\",\"cell cycle\",\"cell division\",\"chromosome\",\"cuylen\",\"cuylen-h\u00e4ring\",\"heidelberg\",\"mitosis\",\"phase separation\",\"protein\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science &amp; 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