{"id":69419,"date":"2024-08-19T11:09:35","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T09:09:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/?p=69419"},"modified":"2024-08-19T11:09:41","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T09:09:41","slug":"new-insights-on-how-bird-flu-crosses-the-species-barrier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science-technology\/new-insights-on-how-bird-flu-crosses-the-species-barrier\/","title":{"rendered":"New insights on how bird flu crosses the species barrier"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<article class=\"vf-card vf-card--brand vf-card--bordered vf-u-margin__bottom--800\" default>\n  <div class=\"vf-card__content | vf-stack vf-stack--400\">\n      <h3 class=\"vf-card__heading\">\n      Summary    <\/h3>\n                <p class=\"vf-card__text\"><ul>\r\n \t<li>The avian influenza virus needs to mutate to cross the species barrier and to infect and replicate within mammalian cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Cusack group from EMBL Grenoble has deciphered the structure of the avian influenza virus\u2019s polymerase when it interacts with a human protein essential for the virus to replicate within the cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The structure of this replication complex, <a class=\"vf-card_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3\">published in <em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/a>, provides important information about the mutations that avian influenza polymerase must undergo to adapt to mammals, including humans.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These results can help scientists monitor the evolution and adaptability of bird flu strains, such as H5N1 or H7N9, towards infecting other species.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/p>\n      <\/div>\n<\/article>\n\n\n\n\n<p>In recent years, public health measures, surveillance, and vaccination have helped bring about significant progress in reducing the impact of seasonal flu epidemics, caused by human influenza viruses A and B. However, a possible outbreak of avian influenza A (commonly known as \u2018bird flu\u2019) in mammals, including humans, poses a significant threat to public health.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Cusack group at EMBL Grenoble studies the replication process of influenza viruses. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3\">A new study from this group<\/a> sheds light on the different mutations that the avian influenza virus can undergo to be able to replicate in mammalian cells.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some avian influenza strains can cause severe disease and mortality. Fortunately, significant biological differences between birds and mammals normally prevent avian influenza from spreading from birds to other species. To infect mammals, the avian influenza virus must mutate to overcome two main barriers: the ability to enter the cell and to replicate within that cell. To cause an epidemic or pandemic, it must also acquire the ability to be transmitted between humans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, sporadic contamination of wild and domestic mammals by bird flu is becoming increasingly common. Of particular concern is the recent unexpected infection of dairy cows in the USA by an avian H5N1 strain, which risks becoming endemic in cattle. This might facilitate adaptation to humans, and indeed, a few cases of transmission to humans have been reported, so far resulting in only mild symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the heart of this process is the polymerase, an enzyme that orchestrates the virus\u2019s replication inside host cells. This flexible protein can rearrange itself according to the different functions it performs during infection. These include transcription \u2013 copying the viral RNA into messenger RNA to make viral proteins \u2013&nbsp;and replication&nbsp;\u2013 making copies of the viral RNA to package into new viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Viral replication is a complex process to study because it involves two viral polymerases and a host cell protein&nbsp;\u2013 ANP32. Together, these three proteins form the replication complex, a molecular machine that carries out replication. ANP32 is known as a \u2018chaperone\u2019, meaning that it acts as a stabiliser for certain cellular proteins. It can do this thanks to a key structure \u2013 its long acidic tail. In 2015, it was discovered that ANP32 is critical for influenza virus replication, but its function was not fully understood.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The results of the new study, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3\">published in the journal <em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em> show that ANP32 acts as a bridge between the two viral polymerases \u2013 called <em>replicase<\/em> and <em>encapsidase. <\/em>The names reflect the two distinct conformations taken up by the polymerases to perform two different functions \u2013 creating copies of the viral RNA (<em>replicase<\/em>) and packaging the copy inside a protective coating with ANP32\u2019s help (<em>encapsidase<\/em>).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through its tail, ANP32 acts as a stabiliser for the replication complex, allowing it to form within the host cell. Interestingly, the ANP32 tail differs between birds and mammals, although the core of the protein remains very similar. This biological difference explains why the avian influenza virus does not replicate easily in mammals and humans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe key difference between avian and human ANP32 is a 33-amino-acid insertion in the avian tail, and the polymerase has to adapt to this difference,\u201d explained Beno\u00eet Arragain, a postdoctoral fellow in the Cusack group and first author of the publication. \u201cFor the avian-adapted polymerase to replicate in human cells, it must acquire certain mutations to be able to use human ANP32.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To better understand this process, Arragain and his collaborators obtained the structure of the replicase and encapsidase conformations of a human-adapted avian influenza polymerase (from strain H7N9) while they were interacting with human ANP32. This structure gives detailed information about which amino acids are important in forming the replication complex and which mutations could allow the avian influenza polymerase to adapt to mammalian cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To obtain these results, Arragain carried out <em>in vitro<\/em> experiments at EMBL Grenoble, using the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/services-facilities\/grenoble\/eukaryotic-expression-facility\/\">Eukaryotic Expression Facility<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isbg.fr\/?lang=en\">ISBG biophysical platform<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esrf.fr\/CM01\">cryo-electron microscopy platform<\/a> available through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/partnerships\/local\/structural-biology\/\">Partnership for Structural Biology<\/a>. \u201cWe also collaborated with the Naffakh group at the Institut Pasteur, who carried out cellular<em> <\/em>experiments,\u201d added Arragain. \u201cIn addition, we obtained the structure of the human type B influenza replication complex, which is similar to that of influenza A. The cellular experiments confirmed our structural data.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These new insights into the influenza replication complex can be used to study polymerase mutations in other similar strains of the avian influenza virus. It is therefore possible to use the structure obtained from the H7N9 strain and adapt it to other strains such as H5N1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe threat of a new pandemic caused by highly pathogenic, human-adapted avian influenza strains with a high mortality rate needs to be taken seriously,\u201d said Stephen Cusack, EMBL Grenoble Senior Scientist who led the study and has been studying influenza viruses for 30 years. \u201cOne of the key responses to this threat includes monitoring mutations in the virus in the field. Knowing this structure allows us to interpret these mutations and assess if a strain is on the path of adaptation to infect and transmit between mammals.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These results are also useful in the long-term perspective of anti-influenza drug development, as there are no existing drugs that target the replication complex specifically. \u201cBut it&#8217;s just the beginning,&#8221; said Cusack. &#8220;What we want to do next is to understand how the replication complex works dynamically, in other words, to know in more detail how it actively performs replication.&#8221; The group has already successfully carried out similar studies on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/understanding-the-influenza-virus\/\">the role of influenza polymerase in the viral transcription process<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"vf-divider\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"french\"><strong>De nouvelles indications sur la mani\u00e8re dont la grippe aviaire franchit la barri\u00e8re des esp\u00e8ces<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une nouvelle publication de l\u2019\u00e9quipe de recherche de Stephen Cusack explique comment une enzyme cl\u00e9 du virus de la grippe aviaire peut muter pour permettre au virus de se r\u00e9pliquer chez les mammif\u00e8res<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<article class=\"vf-card vf-card--brand vf-card--bordered vf-u-margin__bottom--800\" default>\n  <div class=\"vf-card__content | vf-stack vf-stack--400\">\n      <h3 class=\"vf-card__heading\">\n      R\u00e9sum\u00e9    <\/h3>\n                <p class=\"vf-card__text\"><ul>\r\n \t<li>Le virus de la grippe aviaire doit muter pour franchir la barri\u00e8re des esp\u00e8ces, infecter les cellules des mammif\u00e8res et s&#8217;y r\u00e9pliquer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>L\u2019\u00e9quipe de recherche de Stephen Cusack, \u00e0 l&#8217;EMBL Grenoble, a r\u00e9solu la structure de la polym\u00e9rase du virus de la grippe aviaire en interaction avec une prot\u00e9ine humaine essentielle \u00e0 la r\u00e9plication du virus dans la cellule.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>La structure de ce complexe de r\u00e9plication, <a class=\"vf-card_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3\">publi\u00e9e dans <em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/a>, fournit des informations importantes sur les mutations que la polym\u00e9rase du virus de la grippe aviaire doit acqu\u00e9rir pour s&#8217;adapter aux mammif\u00e8res, et notamment \u00e0 l\u2019esp\u00e8ce humaine.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ces r\u00e9sultats peuvent aider les scientifiques \u00e0 suivre l&#8217;\u00e9volution des souches de grippe aviaire, telles que H5N1 ou H7N9, et leur adaptabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 infecter d&#8217;autres esp\u00e8ces.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/p>\n      <\/div>\n<\/article>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, les mesures de sant\u00e9 publique, la surveillance et la vaccination ont permis de r\u00e9duire consid\u00e9rablement l&#8217;impact des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de grippe saisonni\u00e8re, caus\u00e9es par les virus de la grippe humaine A et B. Cependant, une \u00e9ventuelle \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de grippe aviaire A (commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9e &#8220;grippe aviaire&#8221;) chez les mammif\u00e8res, y compris l&#8217;homme, constituerait une menace importante pour la sant\u00e9 publique.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9quipe de recherche de Stephen Cusack, \u00e0 l&#8217;EMBL Grenoble, \u00e9tudie le processus de r\u00e9plication des virus de la grippe. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3\">Dans une r\u00e9cente publication<\/a>, cette \u00e9quipe met en lumi\u00e8re les diff\u00e9rentes mutations que le virus de la grippe aviaire peut acqu\u00e9rir pour pouvoir se r\u00e9pliquer dans les cellules des mammif\u00e8res.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Certaines souches de grippe aviaire peuvent provoquer des maladies graves et \u00eatre fatales. Heureusement, d\u2019importantes diff\u00e9rences biologiques entre les oiseaux et les mammif\u00e8res emp\u00eachent normalement la grippe aviaire de se propager des oiseaux \u00e0 d&#8217;autres esp\u00e8ces. Pour infecter les mammif\u00e8res, le virus de la grippe aviaire doit muter pour surmonter deux barri\u00e8res principales : la capacit\u00e9 de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans la cellule et celle de se r\u00e9pliquer \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur de cette derni\u00e8re. Pour provoquer une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie ou une pand\u00e9mie, le virus doit \u00e9galement acqu\u00e9rir la capacit\u00e9 de se transmettre entre humains.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La contamination sporadique des mammif\u00e8res sauvages et domestiques par la grippe aviaire devient de plus en plus fr\u00e9quente. La r\u00e9cente infection inattendue de vaches laiti\u00e8res aux \u00c9tats-Unis par une souche aviaire H5N1, qui risque de devenir end\u00e9mique chez les bovins, est particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9occupante. En effet, cela pourrait faciliter l&#8217;adaptation du virus \u00e0 l&#8217;homme; certains cas de transmission ayant d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 signal\u00e9s, mais qui n&#8217;ont jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent entra\u00een\u00e9 que des sympt\u00f4mes b\u00e9nins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Au c\u0153ur de ce processus se trouve la polym\u00e9rase virale, une enzyme qui orchestre la r\u00e9plication du virus \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur des cellules h\u00f4tes. Cette prot\u00e9ine flexible peut se r\u00e9organiser en fonction des diff\u00e9rentes fonctions qu&#8217;elle remplit au cours de l&#8217;infection. Elle effectue notamment des t\u00e2ches de transcription (copie de l&#8217;ARN viral en ARN messagers pour la fabrication de nouvelles prot\u00e9ines virales) et de r\u00e9plication (copie de l&#8217;ARN viral pour l&#8217;empaqueter dans de nouveaux virus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La r\u00e9plication est un processus complexe \u00e0 \u00e9tudier car elle implique deux polym\u00e9rases virales et une prot\u00e9ine de la cellule h\u00f4te, l&#8217;ANP32. Ensemble, ces trois prot\u00e9ines forment le \u2018complexe de r\u00e9plication\u2019, une machine mol\u00e9culaire qui effectue la r\u00e9plication. L\u2019ANP32 est connue comme une prot\u00e9ine &#8220;chaperon&#8221;, ce qui signifie qu&#8217;elle agit comme un stabilisateur pour certaines prot\u00e9ines cellulaires. Elle joue ce r\u00f4le gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un domaine cl\u00e9 : sa longue queue acide. En 2015, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvert que l&#8217;ANP32 est essentielle \u00e0 la r\u00e9plication du virus de la grippe, mais sa fonction n&#8217;\u00e9tait pas enti\u00e8rement comprise.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les r\u00e9sultats de cette nouvelle \u00e9tude, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3\">publi\u00e9s dans la revue <em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/a>, montrent que l&#8217;ANP32 agit comme un pont entre les deux polym\u00e9rases virales, appel\u00e9es <em>r\u00e9plicase<\/em> et <em>encapsidase<\/em>. Ces noms refl\u00e8tent les deux conformations distinctes adopt\u00e9es par les polym\u00e9rases pour remplir deux fonctions diff\u00e9rentes : cr\u00e9er des copies de l&#8217;ARN viral (<em>r\u00e9plicase<\/em>) et l&#8217;empaqueter \u00e0 l&#8217;aide de l&#8217;ANP32 (<em>encapsidase<\/em>).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 sa queue acide, l\u2019ANP32 agit comme un stabilisateur du \u2018complexe de r\u00e9plication\u2019, lui permettant de se former au sein de la cellule h\u00f4te. Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter que la queue de l&#8217;ANP32 diff\u00e8re entre les oiseaux et les mammif\u00e8res, bien que le c\u0153ur de la prot\u00e9ine reste tr\u00e8s similaire. Cette diff\u00e9rence biologique explique pourquoi le virus de la grippe aviaire ne se r\u00e9plique pas facilement chez les mammif\u00e8res et les humains.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;La diff\u00e9rence cl\u00e9 entre l&#8217;ANP32 aviaire et humaine r\u00e9side dans l\u2019insertion de 33 acides amin\u00e9s dans la queue de l\u2019ANP32 aviaire. La polym\u00e9rase doit s&#8217;adapter \u00e0 cette diff\u00e9rence&#8221;, explique Beno\u00eet Arragain, postdoctorant dans l\u2019\u00e9quipe de Stephen Cusack et premier auteur de la publication. &#8220;Pour que la polym\u00e9rase d\u2019un virus de la grippe aviaire copie le g\u00e9nome viral au sein de cellules humaines, elle doit acqu\u00e9rir certaines mutations afin de pouvoir utiliser l&#8217;ANP32 humaine.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour mieux comprendre ce processus, Arragain et ses collaborateurs ont obtenu la structure des conformations de la <em>r\u00e9plicase <\/em>et de <em>l&#8217;encapsidase <\/em>d&#8217;une polym\u00e9rase de grippe aviaire (de la souche H7N9) adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#8217;homme, et interagissant avec l&#8217;ANP32 humaine. Cette structure fournit des informations d\u00e9taill\u00e9es sur les acides amin\u00e9s importants pour la formation du complexe de r\u00e9plication et sur les mutations qui pourraient permettre \u00e0 la polym\u00e9rase de la grippe aviaire de s&#8217;adapter aux cellules de mammif\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour obtenir ces r\u00e9sultats, Arragain a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 des exp\u00e9riences<em> in vitro<\/em> \u00e0 l&#8217;EMBL Grenoble, en utilisant la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/services-facilities\/grenoble\/eukaryotic-expression-facility\/\">Plateforme d&#8217;expression en cellules eucaryotes<\/a>, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isbg.fr\/?lang=en\">Plateforme biophysique de l&#8217;ISBG<\/a> et la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esrf.fr\/CM01\">Plateforme de cryo-microscopie \u00e9lectronique<\/a> disponible dans le cadre du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/partnerships\/local\/structural-biology\/\">Partenariat pour la Biologie Structurale<\/a>. &#8220;Nous avons \u00e9galement collabor\u00e9 avec l\u2019\u00e9quipe de recherche de Nadia Naffakh, bas\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#8217;Institut Pasteur, qui a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 des exp\u00e9riences cellulaires compl\u00e9mentaires&#8221;, a ajout\u00e9 Arragain. &#8220;Nous avons \u00e9galement r\u00e9solu la structure du complexe de r\u00e9plication de la grippe humaine de type B, qui, dans son architecture, s&#8217;est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e \u00eatre tr\u00e8s proche de celui de la grippe A. Les exp\u00e9riences cellulaires r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par nos collaborateurs ont confirm\u00e9 nos donn\u00e9es structurales.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces nouvelles connaissances sur le complexe de r\u00e9plication de la grippe peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es afin d\u2019\u00e9tudier les mutations de la polym\u00e9rase dans d&#8217;autres souches similaires au virus de la grippe aviaire. Il est donc possible d&#8217;utiliser la structure obtenue \u00e0 partir de la souche H7N9 et de l&#8217;adapter \u00e0 d&#8217;autres souches, telles que H5N1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;La menace d&#8217;une nouvelle pand\u00e9mie caus\u00e9e par des souches de grippe aviaire hautement pathog\u00e8nes, adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 l&#8217;homme et pr\u00e9sentant un taux de mortalit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9, doit \u00eatre prise au s\u00e9rieux&#8221;, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Stephen Cusack, chercheur \u00e0 l&#8217;EMBL Grenoble, qui a dirig\u00e9 l&#8217;\u00e9tude et \u00e9tudie les virus de la grippe depuis 30 ans. &#8220;L&#8217;une des principales r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 cette menace consiste \u00e0 surveiller les mutations du virus sur le terrain. Conna\u00eetre cette structure nous permet d&#8217;interpr\u00e9ter ces mutations et d&#8217;\u00e9valuer si une souche est sur la voie de l&#8217;adaptation pour infecter et se transmettre aux mammif\u00e8res.&#8221;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces r\u00e9sultats sont \u00e9galement utiles dans la perspective \u00e0 long terme du d\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9dicaments antigrippaux car aucune mol\u00e9cule existante ne cible sp\u00e9cifiquement le complexe de r\u00e9plication. &#8220;Mais ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un d\u00e9but&#8221;, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Cusack. &#8220;Ce que nous voulons faire ensuite, c&#8217;est comprendre comment le complexe de r\u00e9plication fonctionne de mani\u00e8re dynamique, en d&#8217;autres termes, conna\u00eetre plus en d\u00e9tail la mani\u00e8re dont il effectue activement la r\u00e9plication du g\u00e9nome viral.\u201d Le groupe a d\u00e9j\u00e0 men\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s des \u00e9tudes similaires <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/understanding-the-influenza-virus\/\">sur le r\u00f4le de la polym\u00e9rase de la grippe dans le processus de transcription virale<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new publication from the Cusack group sheds light on how a key avian influenza virus enzyme can mutate to allow the virus to replicate in mammals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":69425,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17591],"tags":[335,37,655,657,35,659],"embl_taxonomy":[9792,5148],"class_list":["post-69419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-technology","tag-cusack","tag-grenoble","tag-influenza","tag-polymerase","tag-structural-biology","tag-virus","embl_taxonomy-embl-grenoble","embl_taxonomy-structural-biology-embl-grenoble"],"acf":{"featured":true,"show_featured_image":false,"field_target_display":"embl","field_article_language":{"value":"english","label":"English"},"article_intro":"<p>A new publication from the Cusack group sheds light on how a key avian influenza virus enzyme can mutate to allow the virus to replicate in mammals<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Understanding the influenza virus","link_url":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/understanding-the-influenza-virus\/"},{"link_description":"Paving the way for new flu drugs","link_url":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/paving-the-way-for-new-flu-drugs\/"}],"source_article":[{"publication_title":"Structures of influenza A and B replication complexes give insight into avian to human host adaptation and reveal a role of ANP32 as an electrostatic chaperone for the apo-polymerase","publication_link":{"title":"","url":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-51007-3","target":""},"publication_authors":"Arragain, B. et al.","publication_source":"Nature Communications","publication_date":"19 August 2024","publication_doi":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51007-3"}],"in_this_article":false,"press_contact":"None","article_translations":[{"translation_language":"Fran\u00e7ais","translation_anchor":"#french"}],"languages":""},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[{"uuid":"a:3:{i:0;s:36:\"b14d3f13-5670-44fb-8970-e54dfd9c921a\";i:1;s:36:\"89e00fee-87f4-482e-a801-4c3548bb6a58\";i:2;s:36:\"8f81131e-d37c-470c-848f-618fce652295\";}","parents":[],"name":["EMBL Grenoble"],"slug":"embl-grenoble","description":"Where &gt; 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