{"id":6710,"date":"2016-03-18T11:00:29","date_gmt":"2016-03-18T10:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=6710"},"modified":"2024-03-25T10:28:38","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T09:28:38","slug":"1603-forgetting-to-learn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1603-forgetting-to-learn\/","title":{"rendered":"Forgetting to learn"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

They say that once you\u2019ve learned to ride a bicycle, you never forget how to do it. But new research suggests that while learning, the brain is actively trying to forget. The study, by scientists at EMBL and University Pablo Olavide in Sevilla, Spain, is published today in Nature Communications<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is the first time that a pathway in the brain has been linked to forgetting, to actively erasing memories,\u201d says Cornelius Gross<\/a>, who led the work at EMBL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the simplest level, learning involves making associations, and remembering them. Working with mice, Gross and colleagues studied the hippocampus, a region of the brain that\u2019s long been known to help form memories. Information enters this part of the brain through three different routes. As memories are cemented, connections between neurons along the \u2018main\u2019 route become stronger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When they blocked this main route, the scientists found that the mice were no longer capable of learning a Pavlovian response \u2013 associating a sound to a consequence, and anticipating that consequence. But if the mice had learned that association before the scientists stopped information flow in that main route, they could still retrieve that memory. This confirmed that this route is involved in forming memories, but isn\u2019t essential for recalling those memories. The latter probably involves the second route into the hippocampus, the scientists surmise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But blocking that main route had an unexpected consequence: the connections along it were weakened, meaning the memory was being erased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSimply blocking this pathway shouldn\u2019t have an effect on its strength,\u201d says Agn\u00e8s Gruart<\/a> from University Pablo Olavide. \u201cWhen we investigated further, we discovered that activity in one of the other pathways was driving this weakening.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, this active push for forgetting only happens in learning situations. When the scientists blocked the main route into the hippocampus under other circumstances, the strength of its connections remained unaltered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne explanation for this is that there is limited space in the brain, so when you\u2019re learning, you have to weaken some connections to make room for others,\u201d says Gross. \u201cTo learn new things, you have to forget things you\u2019ve learned before.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The findings were made using genetically engineered mice, but with help from Maja K\u00f6hn\u2019s lab at EMBL the scientists demonstrated that it is possible to produce a drug that activates this \u2018forgetting\u2019 route in the brain without the need for genetic engineering. This approach, they say, might be interesting to explore if one were looking for ways to help people forget traumatic experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Imparare dimenticando<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Una nuova ricerca sui meccanismi neurali nei topi suggerisce che mentre si impara, si dimentica ci\u00f2 che si \u00e8 gi\u00e0 appreso<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si dice che una volta imparato ad andare in bicicletta, non si scorda mai. Ma una nuova ricerca suggerisce che mentre impariamo, il nostro cervello cerca di dimenticare ci\u00f2 che abbiamo appreso in precedenza. Lo studio, condotto dai ricercatori dell\u2019EMBL e dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 Pablo Olavide di Siviglia, in Spagna, \u00e8 pubblicato oggi su Nature Communications.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cQuesta \u00e8 la prima volta che un meccanismo neurale viene associato all\u2019atto di dimenticare, ovvero cancellare attivamente le memorie esistenti,\u201d dice Cornelius Gross<\/a>, il ricercatore dell\u2019EMBL che ha guidato lo studio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al livello pi\u00f9 semplice, imparare significa creare associazioni mentali, e ricordarle. Nei topi, Gross e colleghi hanno studiato l\u2019ippocampo, una regione del cervello responsabile della formazione di memorie. Informazioni provenienti dall\u2019esterno entrano in questa regione del cervello attraverso tre vie differenti. Man mano che si formano nuove memorie, le connessioni tra i neuroni lungo la via \u2018principale\u2019 diventano pi\u00f9 forti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I ricercatori hanno scoperto che, quando questa via \u00e8 bloccata, i topi non sono pi\u00f9 in grado di imparare un riflesso condizionato \u2013 per esempio, associare un suono a una conseguenza, ed anticipare questa conseguenza. Ma se il riflesso condizionato \u00e8 appreso prima che gli scienziati interrompano il flusso d\u2019informazioni attraverso la via principale, i topi sono in grado di recuperare la memoria creata in precedenza. Questo conferma che la via principale serve a creare memorie, ma non \u00e8 necessaria per richiamarle alla mente. Da ci\u00f2, i ricercatori hanno dedotto che l\u2019atto di ricordare probabilmente coinvolge una via alternativa attraverso cui le informazioni raggiungono l\u2019ippocampo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuttavia, bloccare la via principale ha una conseguenza inaspettata: le connessioni tra i neuroni lungo questa via si indeboliscono, e le memorie sono cancellate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBloccare questo percorso neurale non dovrebbe avere nessun effetto sulla forza delle connessioni tra i neuroni,\u201d spiega Agn\u00e8s Gruart<\/a>, Professoressa all\u2019Universit\u00e0 Pablo Olavide. \u201cStudiando questo processo nei dettagli, abbiamo scoperto che responsabile di questo indebolimento \u00e8 una delle altre vie che conducono le informazioni all\u2019ippocampo.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Curiosamente, lo stimolo a dimenticare avviene solo in situazioni in cui il cervello cerca di imparare. Se i ricercatori bloccano la via principale in altre condizioni, la forza delle connessioni tra i neuroni rimane inalterata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUna spiegazione potrebbe essere che lo spazio nel cervello \u00e8 limitato, per cui quando impariamo, siamo costretti ad indebolire alcune connessioni per fare spazio ad altre,\u201d dice Gross. \u201cPer imparare cose nuove, bisogna dimenticare quelle imparate in precedenza.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Queste scoperte sono state rese possibili grazie all\u2019uso di topi geneticamente modificati, ma con l\u2019aiuto del gruppo di Maja K\u00f6hn<\/a> presso l\u2019EMBL, i ricercatori hanno dimostrato come sia possibile produrre una sostanza che attiva il percorso che porta a dimenticare senza ricorrere all\u2019ingegneria genetica. Questo approccio, secondo i ricercatori, potrebbe essere preso in considerazione se si volesse sviluppare una terapia per aiutare le vittime di eventi traumatici a dimenticare tali eventi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Neural mechanisms in mouse brains indicate that we actively forget as we learn<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6711,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[340,371,43,445,74,67,1748,514],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-6710","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-behaviour","tag-gross","tag-heidelberg","tag-kohn","tag-monterotondo","tag-neurobiology","tag-press-release","tag-rome"],"acf":{"article_intro":"

Scientists discover neural mechanisms in mouse brains that indicate that we actively forget as we learn<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Agn\u00e8s Gruart | University Pablo Olavide","link_url":"http:\/\/www.divisiondeneurociencias.es\/index.php\/people"},{"link_description":"This article was first published as an EMBL Press Release (also available in Italian).","link_url":"http:\/\/s.embl.org\/pr180316"}],"article_sources":[{"source_description":"

Madro\u00f1al et al.<\/em> Nature Communications<\/em>, 18 March 2016. DOI: 10.1038\/NCOMMS10923.<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/NCOMMS10923"}],"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53","show_featured_image":false,"in_this_article":false,"youtube_url":"","mp4_url":"","video_caption":"","translations":[{"translation_language":"Italian","translation_anchor":"#it"}],"press_contact":"EMBL Generic"},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"\nForgetting to learn | EMBLetc.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"EMBL scientists discover neural mechanisms in mouse brains indicate that we actively forget as we learn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1603-forgetting-to-learn\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Forgetting to learn | EMBLetc.\" \/>\n<meta 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