{"id":31770,"date":"2020-09-02T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/?p=31770"},"modified":"2024-03-22T11:09:29","modified_gmt":"2024-03-22T10:09:29","slug":"tentacle-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/tentacle-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Eat more to grow more arms\u2026if you\u2019re a sea anemone"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Your genetic code determines that you will grow two arms and two legs. The same fate is true for all mammals. Similarly, the number of fins a fish has and the number of legs and wings an insect has are embedded in their genetic code. Sea anemones, however, defy this rule and have a variable number of tentacle arms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Until now it\u2019s been unclear what regulates the number of tentacles a sea anemone can grow. Scientists from the Ikmi group at EMBL Heidelberg<\/a>, in collaboration with researchers in the Gibson lab at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research<\/a> in Kansas City, have shown that the number of tentacles is defined by the amount of food consumed. \u201cControlling the number of tentacle arms by food intake makes the sea anemone behave more like a plant developing new branches than an animal growing a new limb,\u201d explains group leader Aissam Ikmi<\/a>. Defining what environmental factors trigger morphological changes is a particularly important question given the longevity of sea anemones, with some species living for more than 65 years. \u201cAs predominantly sessile animals, sea anemones must have evolved strategies to deal with environmental changes to sustain such a long lifespan,\u201d adds Ikmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scientists have shown that the growth of new tentacles happens not only when the sea anemone is a juvenile, but also throughout adulthood. \u201cWe can conclude that the number of tentacle arms must be determined by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors,\u201d says Ikmi, who started this project when he was still a postdoc in the lab of Matt Gibson. While the sea anemone uses different strategies to build tentacles in the different stages of its life, the final arms are morphologically indistinguishable from each other. \u201cIf humans could do the same, it would mean that the more we ate, the more arms and legs we could grow,\u201d says Ikmi. \u201cImagine how handy it would be if we could activate this when we needed to replace damaged limbs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Ikmi\u2019s group studied the locations at which the new arms form, they found that muscle cells pre-mark the sites of new tentacles. These muscle cells change their gene expression signature in response to food. The same molecular signalling employed to build tentacles in sea anemones also exists in many other species \u2013 including humans. So far, however, its role has been studied mainly in embryonic development. \u201cWe propose a new biological context in which to understand how nutrient uptake impacts the function of this developmental signalling: a situation that is relevant for defining the role of metabolism in guiding the formation of organs during adulthood\u201d explains Ikmi. \u201cSea anemones show us that it is possible that nutrients are not converted into excess fat storage \u2013 as it is the case in all mammals \u2013 but instead transformed into a new body structure.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While this finding is novel on its own, it also shows that sea anemones, which are traditionally used for evolutionary developmental studies, are well suited to study morphogenesis in the context of organism\u2013environment interactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To build the branching map of new tentacles, researchers analysed more than 1000 sea anemones one by one. \u201cScoring such a massive number of tentacles is, in some ways, a story in itself,\u201d says Mason McMullen, laughing. McMullen, a clinical pharmacist at the University of Kansas Health System<\/a>, spent months imaging sea anemones\u2019 heads to score their tentacle number and location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Knowing that the number of tentacles in sea anemones is determined by their food intake, the group plans to define the key nutrients critical to this process. Ikmi and his group also want to further investigate the unconventional role of muscles in defining the sites where new tentacles form. \u201cWe\u2019re currently investigating this novel property of muscle cells and are eager to find out the mystery behind them,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An international group of researchers, led by scientists from EMBL Heidelberg, have discovered that the number of tentacle arms a sea anemone grows depends on the amount of food it eats.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":31776,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[43,1726,4754,4750,4752],"embl_taxonomy":[19301],"class_list":["post-31770","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-heidelberg","tag-ikmi","tag-limb","tag-sea-anemone","tag-tentacle","embl_taxonomy-ikmi-group"],"acf":{"featured":true,"show_featured_image":false,"color":"#007B53","link_color":"#fff","article_intro":"

An international group of researchers, led by scientists from EMBL Heidelberg, have discovered that the number of tentacle arms a sea anemone grows depends on the amount of food it eats. The results are presented in Nature Communications<\/em>.<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Ikmi group","link_url":"https:\/\/www.embl.de\/research\/units\/dev_biology\/ikmi\/"},{"link_description":"Stowers Institute for Medical Research","link_url":"https:\/\/www.stowers.org\/"},{"link_description":"University of Kansas Health System","link_url":"https:\/\/www.kansashealthsystem.com\/"}],"article_sources":[{"source_description":"

Aissam Ikmi et al.<\/em> Feeding-dependent tentacle development in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Nature communications<\/em>, published on 2 September 2020
\nDOI: 10.1038\/s41467-020-18133-0<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18133-0"}],"in_this_article":false,"youtube_url":"","mp4_url":"","video_caption":"","press_contact":"EMBL Generic","translations":false,"vf_locked":false,"embl_taxonomy_term_who":false,"embl_taxonomy_term_what":false,"embl_taxonomy_term_where":false},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[{"uuid":"a:3:{i:0;s:36:\"302cfdf7-365b-462a-be65-82c7b783ebf7\";i:1;s:36:\"6a2f2be6-8bb7-4425-b318-5ed992f715cc\";i:2;s:36:\"2a270b68-46c3-4b3f-92c5-0a65eb896c86\";}","parents":[],"name":["Ikmi group"],"slug":"ikmi-group","description":"What > Developmental Biology > Ikmi group"}],"yoast_head":"\nEat more to grow more arms\u2026if you\u2019re a sea anemone | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The number of tentacle arms a sea anemone grows depends on the amount of food it eats.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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