{"id":2942,"date":"2014-12-18T20:08:42","date_gmt":"2014-12-18T19:08:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=2942"},"modified":"2024-11-29T16:55:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-29T15:55:45","slug":"1412_bacterial_envelope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/","title":{"rendered":"Bacteria\u2019s barrel-building challenge"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>You have a barrel-making machine, which you must use to churn out barrels <em>and<\/em> put plugs in them. If you\u2019re too slow, or your machine breaks, or you run out of barrel-making materials, plugs will start to accumulate, and an alarm will go off. This video game-like scenario actually plays out inside some bacteria. It is one of the ways in which bacteria like <em>E.coli<\/em> ensure that they grow safely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bacteria like <em>E.coli<\/em> are like walled cities, with a multi-layered line of defense called the cell envelope. This protective barrier consists of two membranes, between which the cell wall is sandwiched. The \u2018barrels\u2019 are proteins that stud the outer membrane and serve as channels to allow molecules into and out of the cell. As the bacterial envelope grows, new barrels have to be added. In total, the 4000 or so barrel-making machines in an <em>E.coli<\/em> bacterium have to be able to produce up to one million barrels. And they have to do so at the right pace: if the envelope stopped growing (or slowed) but the inside of the bacterium continued to expand, the result would be disastrous. Scientists in Nassos Typas\u2019 lab at EMBL Heidelberg and collaborators at Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain in Belgium have discovered that the efficiency of barrel-making is monitored by the \u2018plug\u2019 molecule RcsF. RcsF acts as a sensor to detect problems in the assembly process and trigger a chain reaction inside the bacterium to contain the damage and adjust the cell\u2019s growth rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p>This is one of the first times we know which molecules are involved, and how.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAssembly of barrel proteins in the outer membrane is a fundamental process, so unsurprisingly there are several different systems which sense the efficiency of different steps,\u201d says Typas, \u201cbut this is one of the first times we know which molecules are involved, and how.\u201d This is an important finding for the field, as exactly what the plug molecules were \u2013 and whether they even existed \u2013 has long been a subject of debate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The scientists discovered that the machinery that makes the barrel proteins also transports RcsF to the outer surface of the envelope, placing an RcsF plug in some of the barrels. They also found that, if barrel-building slows or stops for some reason \u2013 such as an external attack or a shortage of barrel-making materials \u2013 RcsF accumulates in the space between the bacterium\u2019s two membranes. A protein that sits on the outer surface of the inner membrane detects this build up of RcsF, relaying the message across the membrane to the heart of the cell, and setting off a series of reactions to bring the growth of the bacterium\u2019s insides and its envelope back into synch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typas and colleagues now want to investigate whether all molecules in RcsF\u2019s family \u2013 lipoproteins \u2013 find their way to the cell surface and act as plugs for the many barrels that stud their outer membrane. They also want to test if it is always the barrel-building machinery that also inserts plugs, or whether these two tasks can be performed by different cellular machines. Ultimately, the scientists would like to know if, once they are sitting in the barrels on the outer surface of a bacterium, these plugs have a specific task.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More generally, Typas will continue to pursue his fascination with bacteria\u2019s outer line of defense. \u201cOn the one hand, the bacterial envelope is where virulence machineries assemble to fire virulence factors at the host, and it\u2019s central to antibiotic targeting and resistance, so there are obvious interests there,\u201d says Typas, \u201cbut the molecular processes involved in transporting things across these different layers, and how they synchronise with each other and with cellular growth, are also just fascinating. And in terms of evolution, the envelope is the part of bacteria that changes the fastest, so it\u2019s really interesting to me to see how many different ways bacteria have solved the same fundamental problems.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How do E.coli and similar bacteria grow safely? By using barrel-plugs as sensors.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2973,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[64,31,43,582],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-2942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-cell-biology","tag-evolution","tag-heidelberg","tag-typas"],"acf":{"article_intro":"<p>Bacteria such as E. coli use a plug-like molecule to ensure their insides grow in synch with the envelope that surrounds them, scientists at EMBL Heidelberg have found.<\/p>\n","related_links":false,"article_sources":[{"source_description":"<p>Cho, Szewczyk, Pesavento <em>et al.<\/em> <em>Cell<\/em>, 18 December 2014.\u00a0DOI:10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.045<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0092867414015220"}],"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53","show_featured_image":false,"field_target_display":"embl","field_article_language":{"value":"english","label":"English"},"source_article":false,"in_this_article":false,"press_contact":"None","article_translations":false,"languages":""},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Bacteria\u2019s barrel-building challenge | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How do E.coli and similar bacteria grow safely? By using barrel-plugs as sensors to monitor growth of bacterial envelope\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bacteria\u2019s barrel-building challenge | EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How do E.coli and similar bacteria grow safely? By using barrel-plugs as sensors to monitor growth of bacterial envelope\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-12-18T19:08:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-29T15:55:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/1412_typas_ib.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sonia Furtado Neves\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Aur_ora\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sonia Furtado Neves\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sonia Furtado Neves\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/d926199a955624b44dda296f396c5e68\"},\"headline\":\"Bacteria\u2019s barrel-building challenge\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-12-18T19:08:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-29T15:55:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/\"},\"wordCount\":665,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/1412_typas_ib.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"cell biology\",\"evolution\",\"heidelberg\",\"typas\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\",\"Science &amp; Technology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/\",\"name\":\"Bacteria\u2019s barrel-building challenge | EMBL\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1412_bacterial_envelope\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/1412_typas_ib.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-12-18T19:08:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-29T15:55:45+00:00\",\"description\":\"How do E.coli and similar bacteria grow safely? 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