{"id":29052,"date":"2009-09-21T23:07:00","date_gmt":"2009-09-21T21:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/?p=29052"},"modified":"2024-11-14T16:27:54","modified_gmt":"2024-11-14T15:27:54","slug":"to-regenerate-muscle-cellular-garbage-men-must-become-builders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/to-regenerate-muscle-cellular-garbage-men-must-become-builders\/","title":{"rendered":"To regenerate muscle, cellular garbage men must become builders"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/09\/muscle-fibres-mice-nerlov-group-2009.tif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"422\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/muscle-fibres-mice-nerlov-group-2009.jpg\" alt=\"This microscopy image, taken ten days after injury, shows that the muscle fibres of normal mice (left) had re-grown, while in mice which couldn\u2019t boost C\/EBP\u03b2 production (right) there were still many fibres that had not regenerated (arrowheads), and the tissue had a number of scars (arrows).\" class=\"wp-image-29060\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/muscle-fibres-mice-nerlov-group-2009.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/muscle-fibres-mice-nerlov-group-2009-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/muscle-fibres-mice-nerlov-group-2009-768x324.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">This microscopy image, taken ten days after injury, shows that the muscle fibres of normal mice (left) had re-grown, while in mice which couldn\u2019t boost C\/EBP\u03b2 production (right) there were still many fibres that had not regenerated (arrowheads), and the tissue had a number of scars (arrows). Click on image to download a high resolution version (tiff).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Monterotondo, Italy, what seemed like a disappointing result turned out to be an important discovery. Their findings, published online this week in the journal <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)<\/em>, provide conclusive proof that, when a muscle is injured, white blood cells called macrophages play a crucial role in its regeneration. The scientists also uncovered the genetic switch that controls this process, a finding that opens the door for new therapeutic approaches not only to sports injuries but also to diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Normally, macrophages \u2013 the white blood cells known for engulfing and eliminating bacteria and other infectious agents \u2013 are drawn to areas of injury. Once there, they act as garbage men, eliminating the dead cells and releasing pro-inflammatory factors, fending off infection. After clearing up the debris, macrophages stop releasing those pro-inflammatory factors, and start making anti-inflammatory factors that promote repair in the damaged area. This shift from clearing debris to promoting building is known as macrophage polarization, and Claus Nerlov, Nadia Rosenthal and colleagues proved that it is essential for muscles to regenerate properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere seems to be this point of no return\u201d, says Rosenthal: \u201cif macrophages don\u2019t make this switch, then the muscle won\u2019t repair itself \u2013 you just end up with scar, instead of new tissue\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nerlov and his research group at EMBL were studying a protein called C\/EBP\u03b2, whose production increases in response to inflammation. They had genetically engineered mice in which this boost in C\/EBP\u03b2 production was blocked, to see what effect this had on the development of the different cells involved in the immune system. To their dismay, the answer appeared to be \u2018almost none\u2019. The modified mice developed normally, and had normal blood cells \u2013 except their macrophages didn\u2019t polarize. Although this result fell short of the scientists\u2019 expectations of understanding how blood cells develop, it raised an interesting possibility in the context of Rosenthal\u2019s research into muscle regeneration. If these mice could not repair muscle injuries properly, it would prove that macrophage polarization is indispensable for muscle regeneration. The two groups teamed up to investigate how the ability to respond to muscle injury was affected in mice whose C\/EBP\u03b2 production boost had been blocked. Their findings proved that macrophages still migrated to the injured site and cleared the debris, but because they failed to make that all-important switch, the muscle didn\u2019t repair properly, becoming scarred instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At a stroke, the EMBL scientists confirmed the importance of macrophages in repairing muscle tissue and discovered its genetic basis. Normally, inflammatory factors trigger an increase in C\/EBP\u03b2 production, which in turn activates genes that cause the macrophage to polarize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cFrom a medical point of view, it would seem that the trick to improve muscle repair is finding a way to increase C\/EBP\u03b2 production and keep it high\u201d, Nerlov concludes, adding \u201cif we can now figure out exactly which key genes C\/EBP\u03b2 controls, that will give us even more potential targets.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As well as investigating the other steps on this molecular pathway, the scientists are currently studying a possible role for macrophage polarization in repairing heart muscle, with a view to better understanding and treating heart disease.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Monterotondo, Italy, what seemed like a disappointing result turned out to be an important discovery. Their findings, published online this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), provide&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":29060,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[74,954,839,4264,1748,514],"embl_taxonomy":[9788,5144],"class_list":["post-29052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-monterotondo","tag-mouse","tag-muscle","tag-nerlov","tag-press-release","tag-rome","embl_taxonomy-embl-rome","embl_taxonomy-epigenetics-and-neurobiology"],"acf":{"vf_locked":false,"featured":true,"color":"#007B53","show_featured_image":true,"article_intro":"<h2>Crucial role of macrophages in muscle regeneration uncovered by EMBL scientists<\/h2>\n","article_sources":[{"source_description":"<p>Ruffell, D., Mourkioti, F., Gambardella, A., Kirstetter, P., Lopez, R. G., Rosenthal, N. &#038; Nerlov, C. A CREB-C\/EBP\u03b2cascade induces M2 macrophage-specific gene expression and promotes muscle injury repair, <em>PNAS<\/em>, online Early Edition, 21-25 September 2009. DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.0908641106 <\/p>\n","source_link_url":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/106\/41\/17475"}],"related_links":false,"in_this_article":false,"youtube_url":"","mp4_url":"","video_caption":"","press_contact":"EMBL Generic","translations":false},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[{"uuid":"a:3:{i:0;s:36:\"b14d3f13-5670-44fb-8970-e54dfd9c921a\";i:1;s:36:\"89e00fee-87f4-482e-a801-4c3548bb6a58\";i:2;s:36:\"741d5d3d-f92f-4eb8-9195-55c96454a36b\";}","parents":[],"name":["EMBL Rome"],"slug":"embl-rome","description":"Where &gt; All EMBL sites &gt; EMBL Rome"},{"uuid":"a:3:{i:0;s:36:\"302cfdf7-365b-462a-be65-82c7b783ebf7\";i:1;s:36:\"7ca3ce91-dc32-47ea-8d4b-7a53c3a3a9fd\";i:2;s:36:\"a6e35bb0-c32d-4c9b-aadb-a19b6c7b060f\";}","parents":[],"name":["Epigenetics and neurobiology"],"slug":"epigenetics-and-neurobiology","description":"What &gt; Research Units &gt; Epigenetics and neurobiology"}],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - 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