{"id":22453,"date":"2020-04-09T16:02:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-09T14:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/?p=22453"},"modified":"2024-03-22T11:47:15","modified_gmt":"2024-03-22T10:47:15","slug":"how-chromosome-structure-influences-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/","title":{"rendered":"How chromosome structure influences development"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Scientists in the Heard group at EMBL Heidelberg have investigated the\nthree-dimensional organisation of DNA in early embryos. They discovered that, during\nthe first stages of an embryo\u2019s life, hundreds of regions of the genome are\nactive on only one copy of a chromosome \u2013 either the one received from the\nmother or the father \u2013 but almost never on both at the same time. Their\nfindings are reported in <em>Nature<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A highly organised bundle <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In each of our cells, we have around two metres of DNA, packed into a\nnucleus less than a hundredth of a millimetre across \u2013 ten times smaller than\nthe width of a human hair. DNA winds around proteins called histones, which\nhelp compress the long thread into a dense and manageable shape: our\nchromosomes. This packaging is not random, but highly organised, and plays an\nimportant role in regulating the expression of our genes, so our cells can\nfunction properly. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the very first moments of our life, the genetic material of two\ngerm cells \u2013 egg and sperm \u2013 is merged to create the first cells that will\nmultiply and form our body. Once the germ cells merge, their chromosomes need\nto be reorganised. Until now, it was largely unknown how this happened. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parental domains and early\ndevelopment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this study, the Heard group at EMBL Heidelberg adapted a technique\ndeveloped in the lab of Peter Fraser at Florida State University, to study the\nstructure of chromosomes in the first stages of mouse embryo development. The\nmethod used by the Heard Group is called single-cell high-throughput chromosome\nconformation capture (single-cell Hi-C), and is used to study the three-dimensional\nstructure of genomes and the links between this structure and genome activity. This\nis the first time a complete map of paternal and maternal chromosome\norganisation during early mouse development has been generated at single-cell\nresolution in such a large number of cells \u2013 hundreds in this case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The scientists were surprised to discover that the two parental genomes\nwere organised completely differently. \u201cSome regions of the genome form\ndomains, like balls of DNA yarn,\u201d explains Samuel Collombet, a postdoc in the\nHeard group and first author of the study. \u201cYour chromosomes come in pairs \u2013\none from each parent \u2013 and most of the time the domains are basically the same\non each copy in a pair.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early stages of the embryo, however \u2013 when it is made of one to\nfour cells \u2013 most of the domains are formed on the maternal genome, a few on\nthe paternal one, and almost none on corresponding parts of both at the same\ntime. In other words,&nbsp;most regions show specific 3D organisation on only\none copy of the two parental chromosomes. In later stages, when the embryo is\nmade of eight cells, these parental domains disappear, and the classical\ndomains that are present on both chromosomes begin to form. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The parental domains in the early embryo proved to be silent \u2013 the genes\ninside this organised bundle were not expressed. Since only one copy of each\nchromosome region is organised, only one copy of each gene is silent, while the\ncopy from the other parent is expressed. \u201cWe already knew that some genes, a\nfew tens, are expressed only on the maternal genome during early development,\u201d\nsays Samuel. \u201cBut what we\u2019ve now discovered is that hundreds of regions in the\ngenome behave this way.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A map of chromosome\norganisation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These regions contain many genes that are very important for early\ndevelopment, such as <em>Xist<\/em> \u2013 a gene\nthat controls the inactivation of the X chromosome in female mammals, which is\na key topic of research in the Heard group. Since females have two X\nchromosomes, one of them is deactivated to prevent them from getting a harmful\ndouble dose of X chromosome gene products, as compared to males. \u201cOther genes have to be kept silent or expressed at a low level to allow\nthe embryo to develop, and this might be achieved by inheriting a silent copy,\u201d\nsays Samuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on their results, scientists in the Heard group can now study the\nmechanism by which parental domains control gene expression, and in particular\nexpression of <em>Xist, <\/em>which the group\nis already studying extensively. Samuel explains that this is the first time\nthey\u2019ve been able to study the 3D organisation of the X chromosome and link it\nto gene expression during embryo development. \u201cIt\u2019s also the first time anyone\nhas shown that we can follow embryo development by looking only at chromosome\norganisation in single cells,\u201d he says. \u201cThis raises new questions about the role\nof chromosome organisation in determining how cells specialise during\ndevelopment.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study provides a map of\nchromosome organisation in the mouse genome that can now be used by other\nresearch groups, as Samuel explains: \u201cThe results also provide hundreds of\ncandidates for new genes that could be important for development, that we and\nothers will want to study.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EMBL researchers in the Heard group at EMBL Heidelberg explore the interaction between DNA organisation and gene expression in the early embryo<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":69,"featured_media":22455,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[535,576,55,563,183,512,43,35],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-22453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-chromosome","tag-chromosome-structure","tag-development","tag-embryonic-development","tag-gene-expression","tag-heard","tag-heidelberg","tag-structural-biology"],"acf":{"featured":true,"article_intro":"<p>EMBL researchers explore the interaction between DNA organisation and gene expression in the early embryo<\/p>\n","article_sources":[{"source_description":"<p>Collombet, S., Ranisavljevic, N., Nagano, T. et al. Parental-to-embryo switch of chromosome organization in early embryogenesis. Nature, published on 25 March 2020. DOI:10.1038\/s41586-020-2125-z<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2125-z"}],"related_links":false,"color":"#007B53","vf_locked":false},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How chromosome structure influences development | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists at EMBL Heidelberg have investigated how three-dimensional chromosome structure influences early embryo development.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How chromosome structure influences development | EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists at EMBL Heidelberg have investigated how three-dimensional chromosome structure influences early embryo development.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-04-09T14:02:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-22T10:47:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3D-Chromosomes-web.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fabian Oswald\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fabian Oswald\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fabian Oswald\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/48be706f1efcc54679ef766039c416ae\"},\"headline\":\"How chromosome structure influences development\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-09T14:02:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-22T10:47:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/\"},\"wordCount\":827,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/how-chromosome-structure-influences-development\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3D-Chromosomes-web.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"chromosome\",\"chromosome structure\",\"development\",\"embryonic development\",\"gene expression\",\"heard\",\"heidelberg\",\"structural biology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\",\"Science &amp; 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