{"id":17625,"date":"2019-11-08T09:41:03","date_gmt":"2019-11-08T08:41:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=17625"},"modified":"2024-03-22T11:11:11","modified_gmt":"2024-03-22T10:11:11","slug":"microbiomes-take-the-stage-at-new-scientist-live","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/events\/microbiomes-take-the-stage-at-new-scientist-live\/","title":{"rendered":"Microbiomes take the stage at New Scientist Live"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Rob Finn leads EMBL-EBI\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/about\/people\/rob-finn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sequence Families<\/a> team, which is responsible for the InterPro, Pfam, Rfam and RNAcentral data resources. The team also looks after EMBL-EBI&#8217;s fast-growing metagenomics data service, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/metagenomics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MGnify<\/a>. Rob also leads a research group that focuses on developing computational approaches for the reconstruction of genomes from metagenomes. The group also investigates the distribution of microbes and functions in different environments and probes the functions of so-called \u2018microbial dark matter\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You recently gave a talk at New Scientist Live about the gut microbiome. Could you explain what the gut microbiome is?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/science\/1605-microbiomes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gut microbiome<\/a> consists of all the microorganisms that live inside your gut. These are the microscopic cells and other entities that you can\u2019t see with the naked eye. It\u2019s estimated that there are up to a hundred trillion microbes living on or in your body. We estimate that there are about 1000 different species that encode over 50 million genes. &nbsp;A human genome only encodes about 22&nbsp;000 genes, so it shows you that microbes have got a lot of functional capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why do you study the gut microbiome?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Our aspiration is to take metagenomic data and infer new knowledge that we can share with the rest of the scientific community. There are currently 13&nbsp;500 datasets that we\u2019ve analysed for the gut microbiome. We wanted to see whether we could reconstruct genomes for those 13&nbsp;500, and then look at the patterns and the diversity of the genomes. One of the main reasons for focusing on this area is that the gut microbiome provides us with lots of data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How is bioinformatics helping us study the microbiome?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The traditional way of studying microbiota is to streak out a sample on plates, pick colonies and then grow those bacteria so you have enough DNA for sequencing. The other approach is metagenomics, which allows you to analyse all the DNA and try to get genomes from that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first approach is fundamentally slow because you have to work out the right growing conditions. A lot of these members of the gut microbiota are quite fastidious about how they grow and what they consume. Metagenomics takes away that need to grow the organisms, but generates another problem: you end up with fragments of genomes from many different species in a sample. You have to computationally piece all the bits of genome back together again \u2013 the so-called jigsaw puzzle analogy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the last two or three years there\u2019s been an increase in the quality of the algorithms we use to analyse metagenomics data and piece together these genomes at scale. In bioinformatics, we\u2019re not only piecing together but we\u2019re also annotating the genomes and looking for patterns. For example, is there a functional distinction between the things that we\u2019ve seen previously and what we\u2019re recovering now, and can we try to estimate the quality of what we\u2019ve recovered?<strong><br \/><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-image-17627\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-centered \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"557\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Bacto_man_Credit_Spencer_Phillips_EMBL-EBI-1024x557.jpg\" alt=\"Gut microbiome. Rob Finn slide at New Scientist Live 2019\" class=\"wp-image-17627\"\/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">An overview of the factors that influence the gut microbiome. IMAGE: Spencer Phillips\/EMBL-EBI<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the application you\u2019re most excited about that\u2019s coming out of microbiome research?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019re beginning to establish mechanistic models \u2013 an understanding of the factors affecting the development of an illness or disease within a patient \u2013 for chronic illnesses like <em>C. difficile<\/em> bacterial infection or Crohn\u2019s disease. We know from both mouse and human trials that, in the case of <em>C. diffcile,<\/em> the faecal microbiome transplant (FMT) is the best \u2018medicinal\u2019 approach. I use the term \u2018medicinal\u2019 very loosely because there is about a 30% recovery rate if we match the right donor with the right recipient. There are lots of risks associated with the FMT, because we don\u2019t know exactly what we\u2019re transferring. This has sometimes led to acquired antimicrobial resistance, which is a problem. The aspiration is to define those key members of the microbial community that could be given in a pill \u2013 a less intrusive and more effective treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another exciting topic, maybe for the longer term, is how we could manipulate bacteriophages \u2013 viruses that infect bacteria \u2013 to change the gut microbiome. I think phage manipulation could bring about a new wave of antimicrobials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What attracted you to speaking at New Scientist Live?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I talk to my kids and there are some things that they go \u201cwow!\u201d about, while to other things they say, \u201cDad, you\u2019re boring\u201d. I would really like to get some of that \u201cwow!\u201d into a presentation and inspire others. It\u2019s also about trying to increase the awareness of microbiome research: why we do it, some of the caveats and what the future could bring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I think it\u2019s really important on the one hand to inspire emerging scientists, irrespective of age, but also to give a clear take-home message about what science is doing now: the potential but also the caveats. I had a lot of questions after my talk about different applications of microbiome research. Sometimes I had to say, \u201cI don\u2019t know.\u201d Or \u201cwe do not have enough data to support that.\u201d I think that shows you that there is a curiosity from the public, and they ask questions that maybe I hadn\u2019t thought about.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p>It\u2019s very much about getting the message of science out there such that people understand it and aren\u2019t scared of it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How did you find the experience of speaking to a non-scientific audience?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I felt a strong mixture of excitement and apprehension. The apprehension came from thinking \u201cwhat happens if no one turns up?\u201d or \u201cwhat happens if people start walking out due to boredom?\u201d. The excitement was to reach out to people I don\u2019t normally speak to about my work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In preparation I worked to focus the talk on two fundamental basic questions that are accessible to everyone: \u201cwhat is the gut microbiome and its role?\u201d and \u201chow is bioinformatics giving us new information?\u201d. I think this actually helps when giving scientific talks as well, because you really home in on your key message. It was nice to get a different point of view on presentations, slides and illustrations. It was all very positive and I would thoroughly recommend it to others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The event was made possible with the support of the <a href=\"https:\/\/publicengagement.wellcomegenomecampus.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connecting Science Public Engagement Team<\/a> on the Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, UK.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On microbiomes, public engagement and not being boring<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":17631,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,17593],"tags":[28,189,782,36,786,373,233,861],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-17625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-events","category-people-perspectives","tag-bioinformatics","tag-computational-biology","tag-database","tag-embl-ebi","tag-human-microbiome","tag-microbe","tag-microbiome","tag-public-engagement"],"acf":{"article_intro":"<p>EMBL-EBI Group Leader Rob Finn shares high insights on public 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