{"id":1554,"date":"2014-08-20T15:31:00","date_gmt":"2014-08-20T13:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=1554"},"modified":"2024-11-14T16:32:07","modified_gmt":"2024-11-14T15:32:07","slug":"1408_vasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/","title":{"rendered":"Binding bracelet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"Normal1\">Just as many people find it hard to sit still for long periods of time, DNA doesn\u2019t just wait patiently in its double helix form to be read and duplicated. A large proportion of an organism\u2019s genome is composed of transposons \u2013&nbsp;segments of DNA that can jump in and out of chromosomes. Many are dormant \u2013&nbsp;inactive genetic fossils from our evolutionary past. But some can still be activated and have the potential to severely disrupt normal gene function. Keeping those transposons in check is crucial, especially in egg and sperm cells, where the viability of the future generation is at stake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">To protect their precious genes from transposon interference, reproductive cells have a kind of miniature immune system that finds and destroys the RNA that is transcribed from transposon DNA. Special molecules called piRNAs identify the RNA sequences and enable an enzyme (called piwi in fruit flies, miwi in mice and hiwi in humans) to cut them in two. But rather than digesting both transposon fragments, one fragment is preserved and used as a template to generate new piRNAs to hunt down the target sequence. It\u2019s an elegant strategy in the ongoing war against transposons. \u201cEvery time an enemy is killed, the enemy becomes food for new defenders, and these new defenders are made by this cycle,\u201d says <a title=\"Pillai Group\" href=\"http:\/\/www.embl.fr\/research\/unit\/pillai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ramesh Pillai of EMBL Grenoble<\/a>. \u201cIt\u2019s like a trophy-taking, let\u2019s say; a little piece of the enemy, which in this case is a fragment to make a piRNA.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">This process is so vital to reproduction that it\u2019s been conserved across all animals, even sea life. \u201cThis is a remarkable thing, because in mice if you block it, there\u2019s no sperm produced. If you block it in flies, in the ovaries, the flies can\u2019t lay eggs or the eggs that are laid are infertile. If we don\u2019t have it, we will not be fertile,\u201d says Pietro Spinelli, a PhD student involved in the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p class=\"Normal1\">Every time an enemy is killed, the enemy becomes food for new defenders.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">For such an important cycle, its exact mechanics remain shrouded in mystery. One key player is the protein Vasa, which has long been used to identify germline cells \u2013 the cells that will become eggs and sperm \u2013 and is suspected to help protect DNA in those cells. Its exact purpose, however, has eluded scientists because whenever Vasa is extracted and analysed, no associating proteins have been found. A collaboration between Pillai\u2019s molecular cell biology lab and <a title=\"Cusack group\" href=\"http:\/\/www.embl.fr\/research\/unit\/cusack\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">head of EMBL Grenoble Stephen Cusack\u2019s crystallography lab<\/a> allowed the two groups to &#8216;freeze&#8217; Vasa (with any interaction partners still attached) by inducing a mutation that prevented it from changing shape, and then analyse its structure and any other associated proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">Jordi Xiol in Pillai\u2019s lab found that Vasa protects the template transposon fragment from being digested by fastening around it like a bracelet. Vasa also binds a collection of other &#8216;handoff&#8217; proteins that are attached to piwi, \u201cso as soon as the transposon is cut, a fragment can be easily handed to piwi because piwi is already assembled on Vasa on the transposon,\u201d explains Xiol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">In a collaboration with <a title=\"Ephrussi group\" href=\"http:\/\/www.embl.de\/research\/units\/dev_biology\/ephrussi\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Ephrussi\u2019s lab in Heidelberg<\/a>, the scientists experimentally blocked Vasa in cells in living fruit flies\u2019 ovaries. The flies\u2019 offspring failed to mature into larvae and were always infertile, confirming the protein\u2019s crucial role in healthy development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p class=\"Normal1\">This is definitely a project that can happen only in a place like EMBL.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">Pillai and his team now have their sights set on purifying each of the proteins that binds to Vasa individually, so they can determine the structure of the whole assembly. \u201cWe know that Vasa functions as a construction site for different proteins. But how does it do it? Where does it assemble? We don\u2019t know,\u201d says Pillai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">Further collaborations with crystallography labs will be essential for answering those questions, because they move beyond the capabilities of molecular biology and demand a level of detail that is only attainable with highly specialised techniques. \u201cGrenoble is the right place to do this kind of work because we can determine at atomic resolution how Vasa does its job,\u201d Spinelli explains. \u201cThat\u2019s a beautiful thing to see.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"Normal1\">The group is also interested in studying Vasa and its partners in other animals, to ultimately determine how it might function in humans. \u201cMy lab is now collaborating with <a title=\"O'Carroll Group\" href=\"http:\/\/www.embl.it\/research\/unit\/ocarroll\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">D\u00f3nal O\u2019Carroll\u2019s group at EMBL Monterotondo<\/a> to introduce the mutation in the mouse Vasa. This is definitely a project that can happen only in a place like EMBL, where collaboration is very easy,\u201d says Pillai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vasa protein preserves pieces of &#8216;enemy&#8217; DNA to help protect the genes of future generations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[64,29,335,357,40,37,43,35],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-1554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-cell-biology","tag-crystallography","tag-cusack","tag-ephrussi","tag-gene-regulation","tag-grenoble","tag-heidelberg","tag-structural-biology"],"acf":{"article_intro":"<p class=\"Normal1\">Scientists pin down the function of Vasa, a protein that is critical for keeping DNA healthy and viable from one generation to the next.<\/p>\n","related_links":false,"article_sources":[{"source_description":"<p>Xiol\u00a0<em>et al<\/em><em>. Cell,\u00a0<\/em>19 June 2014. DOI:\u00a010.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.018.<\/p>\n","source_link_url":"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24910301"}],"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53"},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Binding bracelet | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vasa protein preserves pieces of &#039;enemy&#039; DNA to help protect the genes of future generations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Binding bracelet | EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Vasa protein preserves pieces of &#039;enemy&#039; DNA to help protect the genes of future generations.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-08-20T13:31:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-14T15:32:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/1408_pillai_2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"465\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lindsay Brownell\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LindzBro\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lindsay Brownell\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lindsay Brownell\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/93b4023d898e31d430ebb837620c8786\"},\"headline\":\"Binding bracelet\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-20T13:31:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-14T15:32:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\"},\"wordCount\":780,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/1408_pillai_2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"cell biology\",\"crystallography\",\"cusack\",\"ephrussi\",\"gene regulation\",\"grenoble\",\"heidelberg\",\"structural biology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\",\"Science &amp; Technology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\",\"name\":\"Binding bracelet | EMBL\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/1408_pillai_2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-20T13:31:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-14T15:32:07+00:00\",\"description\":\"Vasa protein preserves pieces of 'enemy' DNA to help protect the genes of future generations.\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1408_vasa\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/1408_pillai_2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/1408_pillai_2.jpg\",\"width\":620,\"height\":465,\"caption\":\"Drosophila embryo, labelled with DAPI (blue) and vasa protein (green). 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