{"id":10129,"date":"2017-06-13T09:41:31","date_gmt":"2017-06-13T07:41:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/?p=10129"},"modified":"2024-03-25T09:59:21","modified_gmt":"2024-03-25T08:59:21","slug":"1706-fathoming-fear","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/","title":{"rendered":"Senses: Fathoming fear"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">BY EDWARD DADSWELL AND MARGAUX PHARES<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen you\u2019re in a state of fear, there\u2019s this internal feeling, this sense of dread, this sense of threat, this sense of impending harm or doom,\u201d says Cornelius Gross, a group leader at EMBL\u2019s Monterotondo site. \u201cThat\u2019s the conscious state, but many things happen in your brain before you get to that point.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Exactly what happens before that point is what Gross and his team are trying to find out. They\u2019re interested in studying parts of the brain involved in states of fear and anxiety. Most of our conscious processing happens in the cortex \u2013 the layer of cells on the brain\u2019s surface, which is involved in some of our most complex activities. It helps us with things like social interaction, language, and memory. Fear states arise deeper in the brain, in regions like the amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem. These parts of the brain arose much earlier in our evolutionary history than the cortex, and are concerned primarily with instinctive behaviours and basic survival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"vf-blockquote\"><p>You can think of fear as a sixth sense<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOur current view is that information comes via your senses and goes to the hypothalamus, which is the most ancient part of your brain \u2013 the part you share with animals like worms and flies. We think the hypothalamus produces a state that can motivate you to take action \u2013 we\u2019re trying to figure out how that works,\u201d says Gross. \u201cThen signals are passed to the brainstem, which contains motor neurons that run down to your spinal cord. The motor neurons make your muscles move to carry out your behavioural responses.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-10144\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-centered \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"425\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/170612-Gross-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/170612-Gross-2.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/170612-Gross-2-300x206.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">Cornelius Gross. PHOTO: EMBL<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A brake on behaviour<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gross uses a range of techniques to investigate these processes in mice. One is calcium imaging, in which fluorescent molecules are used to reveal which neurons are firing in a living mouse while it\u2019s awake and engaged in various behaviours. Pharmacogenetics or optogenetics \u2013 in which a mouse\u2019s neurons can be controlled using either chemicals or light \u2013 are then used to block or activate specific neurons and determine how they control behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recently Gross and his team have investigated defensive responses to social threats by observing the behaviour of a mouse when a more aggressive cagemate is introduced. \u201cWe\u2019ve been able to block a specific region of the hypothalamus and demonstrate that the animals then don\u2019t show avoidance or defensive behaviour,\u201d says Gross. \u201cWe\u2019ve also shown that the cortex can inhibit the activity of these regions. Normally, that puts a brake on our behavioural responses, but in a stressful environment the brake can be gradually removed, allowing us to react more strongly when we perceive a threat. It\u2019s an important way in which the brain regulates our behaviour according to experience.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subconscious sensing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In all these processes, there\u2019s an intriguing mix of conscious and unconscious pathways. \u201cWhen humans feel fear, this probably occurs when signals percolate up to the conscious realm from the hypothalamus, which is not directly conscious,\u201d explains Gross. \u201cThis is supported by findings from famous studies where people have suffered damage to their visual cortex and say they can\u2019t see anything, but when they\u2019ve been shown snakes and other types of archetypal fear stimuli, there\u2019s been activation in the amygdala and other structures associated with fear \u2013 although they\u2019re not aware of it. You could almost think of that as a sixth sense. There\u2019s this conscious way that we experience the world, but the primary impulses are entirely unconscious. Both come from the same sensory organs, but drive our behaviour via different pathways.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EMBL\u2019s Cornelius Gross wants to understand fear responses and the brain circuitry that governs them<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":10132,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,17591],"tags":[340,371,74,67,514,513],"embl_taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-10129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","category-science-technology","tag-behaviour","tag-gross","tag-monterotondo","tag-neurobiology","tag-rome","tag-sense"],"acf":{"article_intro":"<p>EMBL\u2019s Cornelius Gross wants to understand fear responses and the brain circuitry that governs them<\/p>\n","related_links":[{"link_description":"Senses: What you see is how you feel","link_url":"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/science\/1705-senses-see-feel\/"},{"link_description":"Senses: Silencing noise","link_url":"https:\/\/news.embl.de\/science\/1705-senses-silencing-noise\/"}],"article_sources":false,"vf_locked":false,"featured":false,"color":"#007B53"},"embl_taxonomy_terms":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Fathoming fear | EMBL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cornelius Gross, a group leader at EMBL\u2019s Monterotondo site, wants to understand fear responses and the brain circuitry that governs them\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fathoming fear | EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cornelius Gross, a group leader at EMBL\u2019s Monterotondo site, wants to understand fear responses and the brain circuitry that governs them\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMBL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/embl.org\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-06-13T07:41:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-25T08:59:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/170612-Gross_ib.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Guest author(s)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@embl\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Guest author(s)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Guest author(s)\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#\/schema\/person\/b4d9366b2ebe691c4015c64c3619205b\"},\"headline\":\"Senses: Fathoming fear\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-06-13T07:41:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-25T08:59:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/\"},\"wordCount\":611,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/science\/1706-fathoming-fear\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/170612-Gross_ib.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"behaviour\",\"gross\",\"monterotondo\",\"neurobiology\",\"rome\",\"sense\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\",\"Science &amp; 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