{"id":28308,"date":"2020-05-04T12:29:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-04T10:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/teachingbase\/treetops-2\/"},"modified":"2021-06-17T14:18:22","modified_gmt":"2021-06-17T14:18:22","slug":"treetops","status":"publish","type":"teachingbase","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/teachingbase\/treetops\/?lang=el","title":{"rendered":"TreeTOPS \u2013 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"vf-tabs\"><ul class=\"vf-tabs__list\" data-vf-js-tabs=\"true\"><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-0c7f4e6c-588c-47f2-814c-f43cfdb38712\">\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-3bbaaafd-c443-4067-98bc-d37932c30a04\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-a6116520-2467-4baa-9642-dd516aeae3e0\">\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-57ca16e7-3901-4f39-8ec6-91ff757d2e7d\">\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-19787a7e-6c4c-4dd4-ba62-75ba1f3b01fe\">\u0395\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"vf-tabs-content\" data-vf-js-tabs-content=\"true\">\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-0c7f4e6c-588c-47f2-814c-f43cfdb38712\"><h2>\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae<\/h2>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u2013 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd) \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03ca\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd). \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u201c\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u201d \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-3bbaaafd-c443-4067-98bc-d37932c30a04\"><h2>\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/h2>\n<details  class=\"vf-details\" id=\"\"  >\n<summary class=\"vf-details--summary\">\n\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/summary>\n<div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf &#8220;\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af&#8221; \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03a6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u039f\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (PCR), \u03b7 RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (whole genome sequencing), \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1970, \u03bf\u03b9 \u039c\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a6\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u039c\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03c5\u03ba\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd,\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u0390\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd-\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details  class=\"vf-details\" id=\"\"  >\n<summary class=\"vf-details--summary\">\n\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/summary>\n<div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf) \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b><i>\u03a6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees_Explained_Unrooted_web.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1413\" width=\"337\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees_Explained_Unrooted_web.png 337w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees_Explained_Unrooted_web-300x285.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\"><em>\u03a6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"467\" height=\"308\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees_Explained_Rooted_web.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees_Explained_Rooted_web.png 467w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees_Explained_Rooted_web-300x198.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\"><em>\u03a6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1 &#8211; \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf (\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1) \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 (\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ae ingroup) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 (outgroup), \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc &#8211; ancestral (\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf) \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf &#8211; derived (\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b><i><strong><em>\u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1<\/em><\/strong><\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><i>\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03af<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<b><br><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><i>\u03a1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. <b><br><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><i>\u039a\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2: \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf<br>\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf): \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\/\u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7, \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u0390\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03bb\u03c0.) \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (taxa) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><i>\u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"506\" height=\"403\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees-Explained_Terminology_small.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees-Explained_Terminology_small.png 506w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Trees-Explained_Terminology_small-300x239.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\"><em><em>\u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1<\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details  class=\"vf-details\" id=\"\"  >\n<summary class=\"vf-details--summary\">\n\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd<\/summary>\n<div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><i>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7<\/i><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 (parallel evolution) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, taxa \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u0390\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 (\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1) \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b8\u03ce\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><i>\u03a3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7<\/i><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 (convergent evolution) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, taxa \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u0390\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 (\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1) \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b8\u03ce\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. <b><i> <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b><i>\u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 (reticulate evolytion) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2\/\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2\/\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u039b\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd), \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03ca\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 <i>\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2<\/i> \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 DNA \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7. <i>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2<\/i> \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><i>\u039f\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u0390\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2) \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 (\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2). \u039f\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><i>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u0390\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2) \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-a6116520-2467-4baa-9642-dd516aeae3e0\"><h2>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n<p><b><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae pdf \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce:<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/TreeTOPS_TeachersGuide_GREEK_Webdownload.pdf\">\u039f\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd <\/a>(\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2)<\/em><\/li><li><em>\u039a\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/em><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/TreeTOPS_PlayingCards_Colour.pdf\">\u0388\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/TreeTOPS_PlayingCards_TxtColour.pdf\">\u0388\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/TreeTOPS_PlayingCards_BW.pdf\">\u0391\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-57ca16e7-3901-4f39-8ec6-91ff757d2e7d\"><h2>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>8 (7) \u201c\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u201d (\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2)<\/li><li>1 \u201c\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u201d (\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7)<\/li><li>\u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af<\/li><li>\u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\/\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc<\/li><li>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf<\/li>\n<li>\u03a6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u03a0\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>8-9 (7-8) \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 (1-3) \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 &#8220;\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae&#8221; \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1. \u039f \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 &#8220;\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac&#8221; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd&#8221; \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5&#8221; \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. \u039f \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd &#8220;\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd&#8221; \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &#8220;\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&#8221; \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 &#8220;\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2&#8221; \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u03a3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">8 (7) \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2:<\/span> \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd&#8221;. \u0397 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5&#8221; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">9 (8) \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2:<\/span> \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5&#8221;. \u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u03a0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1) \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd&#8221;. \u039f \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5&#8221; \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) &#8220;\u0397 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5&#8221; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1. \u0391\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 &#8220;\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd&#8221; \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-19787a7e-6c4c-4dd4-ba62-75ba1f3b01fe\"><h2>\u0395\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-3\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS3.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS3-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">TreeTOPs being played at ELLS Teacher Training Course<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS1-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">TreeTOPs being played at ELLS Teacher Training Course<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS4.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ELLS-TreeTOPS-c-EMBL-ELLS4-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">TreeTOPs being played at ELLS Teacher Training Course<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-3\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0007.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0007.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0007-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0007-768x432.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">TreeTOPs being played at ELLS Teacher Training Course<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"714\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0008.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28098\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0008.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0008-300x268.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0008-768x685.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">TreeTOPs being played at ELLS Teacher Training Course<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"346\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0009.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0009.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0009-300x130.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ELLS_LLAB_Athens_2015_0009-768x332.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">TreeTOPs being played at ELLS Teacher Training Course<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":28309,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-28308","teachingbase","type-teachingbase","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","age-group-16-19","topic-area-evolutionary-biology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/teachingbase\/28308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/teachingbase"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/teachingbase"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}