{"id":28068,"date":"2014-11-27T11:00:44","date_gmt":"2014-11-27T10:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/teachingbase\/focus-on-insulin\/"},"modified":"2021-06-23T09:05:33","modified_gmt":"2021-06-23T09:05:33","slug":"focus-on-insulin","status":"publish","type":"teachingbase","link":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/teachingbase\/focus-on-insulin\/?lang=it","title":{"rendered":"Focus on: Insulin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"vf-tabs\"><ul class=\"vf-tabs__list\" data-vf-js-tabs=\"true\"><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-f96cf143-c40c-46ab-ba8b-84e41fde014c\">Descrizione<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-8904878a-b65e-4ce4-80e6-51568c615b3a\">Info<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-c3b73c14-0132-4d16-b4da-be8bca52a12e\">Prim.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-1af92796-b70d-4daf-a861-c3b6928d7edf\">Sec.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-d94535f8-81b4-4691-bebb-b1ef4621058f\">Terz.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-99c60f7b-cee6-48f4-9464-32e6960784a7\">Quat.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-8c71fecb-a9e2-40c1-a1b0-aac7db2aad51\">Scheda<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-87d90ccb-95de-4a4a-9c85-ff6acc137f8d\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><li class=\"vf-tabs__item\"><a class=\"vf-tabs__link\" href=\"#vf-tabs__section-54bdb726-5329-4976-a0be-12538c5ad04f\">Extra material<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"vf-tabs-content\" data-vf-js-tabs-content=\"true\">\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-f96cf143-c40c-46ab-ba8b-84e41fde014c\"><h2>Descrizione<\/h2>\n<p>Questa risorsa didattica vi guider\u00e1 attraverso vari passggi consecutivi ad esplorare la struttura biologica della molecola dell&#8217;insulina \u2013 dalla struttura primaria alla quaternaria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Come iniziare:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Selezionate il livello di struttura proteica su cui volete lavorare usando la tabulazione.<\/li><li>Raccogliete informazioni sui dettagli strutturali dell&#8217;insulina ed eseguite gli esercizi.<\/li><li>Cercate di rispondere alle domande dell&#8217; <strong>Insulin quiz<\/strong>.<\/li><li>La <strong>Scheda Insulina<\/strong> pu\u00f3 essere stampata e usata per mettere alla prova le vostre conoscenze sulla biologia strutturale dell&#8217;insulina. Colorate le strutture ed esploratele in 3D!<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-8904878a-b65e-4ce4-80e6-51568c615b3a\"><h2>Info<\/h2>\n<p>L&#8217;insulina viene inizialmente sintetizzata come <strong>preproinsulina<\/strong>, un polipeptide formato da 110 aminoacidi che contiene sequenze addizionali:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Una sequenza &#8220;pre&#8221; amino-terminale (peptide segnale di 24 aminoacidi), che permette la secrezione della proteina.<\/li><li>Una sequenza &#8220;pro&#8221; centrale (il peptide C di 35 aminoacidi) che determina il folding corretto della proteina.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dopo che la preproinsulina \u00e9 stata tradotta nel reticolo endoplasmatico, un enzima taglia i 24 aminoacidi amino-terminali, producendo la proinsulina che si piega e permette la formazione dei ponti disolfuro fra i residui di cisteina.<br>A questo stadio, la proteina passa nell&#8217;apparato del Golgi, dove il peptide C viene rimosso e si forma l&#8217;insulina matura, che si accumula nelle vescicole di Golgi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#8217; <strong>insulina matura<\/strong> \u00e9 formata da due catene polipeptidiche (catena A e catena B). La catena A \u00e9 costituita da 21 aminoacidi, la catena B da 30.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-c3b73c14-0132-4d16-b4da-be8bca52a12e\"><h2>Prim.<\/h2>\n<p>L&#8217;insulina matura \u00e8 costituita da due catene polipeptidiche (catene A e B). la catena A \u00e8 costituita da 21 aminoacidi, la catena B da 30 aminoacidi (le sequenze sono riportate sotto).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Compito<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Confrontate le catene A (e le catene B) dell&#8217;insulina umana e suina allineando le sequenze aminoacidiche. Ci sono differenze nella sequenza degli aminoacidi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Copiate le due sequenze dell&#8217;insulina umana e suina che trovate sotto. Selezionate e copiate tutto il blocco di sequenze a partire da <em>&gt;sp<\/em> per la catena A (step 1) e poi per la catena B (step 2).<\/li><li>Incollate le sequenze nel campo di ricerca di MUSCLE (tasti Ctrl. + V).<\/li><li>Nella sezione \u201cSTEP 2\u2033 assicuratevi che\u201c<strong>Output Format<\/strong>\u201d sia su<strong>\u201cClustalW\u201d<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Cliccate sul tasto <strong>\u201cSubmit<\/strong>\u201d e il software eseguir\u00e0 il vostro allineamento.<\/li><li>Dopo qualche secondo appariranno i risultati. Date un&#8217;occhiata all&#8217;allineamento e rispondete alle domande del quiz.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Nota: Per inviare il secondo set di sequenze \u00e8 necessario ricaricare la pagina per avere il campo di ricerca MUSCLE vuoto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 1 \u2013 Confrontate le catene A:<\/strong><br>&gt;sp|P01308|90-110, Insulina, catena A, Umana<br>GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN<br>&gt;sp|P01315|88-108, Insulina, catena A, maiale<br>GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step2 \u2013 Confrontate le catene B:<\/strong><br>&gt;sp|P01308|25-54, Insulina, catena B, Umana<br>FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT<br>&gt;sp|P01315|25-54,Insulina, catena B, maiale<br>FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKA<\/p>\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"vf-embed vf-embed--custom-ratio\"\n\n  style=\"--vf-embed-max-width: 100%;\n    --vf-embed-custom-ratio-x: 640;\n    --vf-embed-custom-ratio-y: 320;\"\n><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/Tools\/msa\/muscle\/\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-1af92796-b70d-4daf-a861-c3b6928d7edf\"><h2>Sec.<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-inline-start   size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/emblog.embl.de\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/fig10-secB-color-label.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"406\" height=\"404\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig10-secB-color-label-e1623765862853.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig10-secB-color-label-e1623765862853.png 406w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig10-secB-color-label-e1623765862853-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig10-secB-color-label-e1623765862853-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">Insulin catena A<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<p>La struttura secondaria \u00e8 determinata da due <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\/ells\/?p=5231\" target=\"_blank\">alfa-eliche<\/a> nella catena A.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-6863\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-inline-start   size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"509\" height=\"530\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig9-A-color-e1623765958763.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig9-A-color-e1623765958763.png 509w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig9-A-color-e1623765958763-288x300.png 288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">Insulin catena B<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<p>La catena B ha una sezione al alfa-elica e una regione a <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\/ells\/?p=5232\" target=\"_blank\">foglietto-beta<\/a>. Si ripiega attorno alla catena A (vedi struttura terziaria).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-d94535f8-81b4-4691-bebb-b1ef4621058f\"><h2>Terz.<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-inline-start   size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"415\" height=\"566\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Insulin_tertiary_numb-e1623766022844.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1542\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Insulin_tertiary_numb-e1623766022844.png 415w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Insulin_tertiary_numb-e1623766022844-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<p>La struttura terziaria \u00e8 stabilizzata da ponti disolfuro (vedi insulina &#8211; scheda). La parte esterna della proteina \u00e8 polare, quella interna \u00e9 sostanzialmente idrofobica.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"vf-figure  | vf-figure--align vf-figure--align-inline-start   size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"456\" height=\"584\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig6-e1623766058988.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig6-e1623766058988.png 456w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/fig6-e1623766058988-234x300.png 234w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<p>L&#8217;insulina \u00e9 formata da due catene polipeptidiche (A e B) tenute insieme da due ponti disolfuro; un terzo ponte disolfuro \u00e9 situato all&#8217;interno della catena A.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-99c60f7b-cee6-48f4-9464-32e6960784a7\"><h2>Quat.<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Insulin-quaternary-structure_1-e1623766858559.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1543\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Per quanto riguarda la struttura quaternaria l&#8217;insulina tende a formare<a href=\"\/ells\/?p=5233\">dimeri<\/a> in soluzione, dovuti alla formazione di legami a idrogeno tra le estremit\u00e0 C-terminali della catena B.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-8c71fecb-a9e2-40c1-a1b0-aac7db2aad51\"><h2>Scheda<\/h2>\n<p>Pima di tutto scaricate il documento Insulina &#8211; scheda&nbsp;e stampatelo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a  href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Insulin-worksheet-EMBLog.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button vf-button vf-button--primary vf-button--pill vf-button--s\" download style=\"margin:0 0 0 .75em;\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Compiti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Usate i vostri occhiali stereo per esplorare la struttura della proteina in 3D (in alto a sinistra).&nbsp;<\/li><li>Colorate <strong>la catena A<\/strong> secondo lo schema dei colori.<\/li><li>Colorate <strong>la catena B<\/strong> secondo lo schema dei colori.<\/li><li>Colorate le seguenti strutture sulla struttura disegnata a destra:<ul><li>alfa-eliche<\/li><li>folglietti beta<\/li><li>ponti disolfuro<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Schema dei colori:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>alfa eliche\u2013 <strong>rosso<\/strong><\/li><li>foglietti beta \u2013 <strong>giallo<\/strong><\/li><li>parti della proteina prive di struttura \u2013 <strong>verde<\/strong><\/li><li>Ponti disolfuro \u2013 <strong>arancio<\/strong><\/li><li>Parte N-terminale della proteina \u2013 <strong>blu<\/strong><\/li><li>Parte C-terminale della proteina \u2013 <strong>rosa<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-87d90ccb-95de-4a4a-9c85-ff6acc137f8d\"><h2>Quiz<\/h2>\n<p>Prova l&#8217; <a href=\"https:\/\/play.kahoot.it\/v2\/lobby?quizId=2bf641ed-4c7a-41c6-8801-eab1d591787e\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/play.kahoot.it\/v2\/lobby?quizId=2bf641ed-4c7a-41c6-8801-eab1d591787e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Insulin Quize<\/a> verifica la tua conoscenza di questa sorprendente molecola.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-3\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/play.kahoot.it\/v2\/lobby?quizId=2bf641ed-4c7a-41c6-8801-eab1d591787e\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"419\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logo_kahoot_01-1024x419.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logo_kahoot_01-1024x419.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logo_kahoot_01-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logo_kahoot_01-768x314.png 768w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logo_kahoot_01-1536x628.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logo_kahoot_01.png 1590w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"vf-tabs__section\" id=\"vf-tabs__section-54bdb726-5329-4976-a0be-12538c5ad04f\"><h2>Extra material<\/h2>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Guardate la<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/insight-lecture\/embl-insight-lecture-2013\/\" data-type=\"insight-lecture\" data-id=\"18964\">EMBL Insight Lecture 2013<\/a> <em>\u201cFrom Code to Function \u2013 Observing Protein Synthesis Through the Electron Microscope\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"vf-grid | vf-grid__col-2\"><div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<figure class=\"vf-figure wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/insight-lecture\/embl-insight-lecture-2013\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"402\" class=\"vf-figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/protein-synthesis_web.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/protein-synthesis_web.png 567w, https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/protein-synthesis_web-300x213.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"vf-figure__caption\">Protein synthesis in the cell. Watch the EMBL Insight Lecture 2013 \u201cFrom Code to Function \u2013 Observing Protein Synthesis Through the Electron Microscope\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div><!--[vf\/content]-->\n<div class=\"vf-content\">\n\n<p>Christiane Schaffitzel and her team study the function and three-dimensional structure of ribosomes using a combination of molecular biology, biochemistry and cryo-electron microscopy. In her talk, Christiane gives an overview of the steps involved in protein synthesis and the role ribosomes play in the process. She then illustrates how her research group uses cryo-electron microscopy to study the structures of these fascinating molecules. Christiane\u2019s central research questions are: what we can learn from the make up of these fascinating molecules and how are synthesised proteins targeted to their destinations?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore the biological structure of the insulin molecule \u2013 from primary to quaternary structure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":28069,"parent":0,"menu_order":9,"template":"","class_list":["post-28068","teachingbase","type-teachingbase","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","age-group-16-19","topic-area-structural-computational-biology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/teachingbase\/28068","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/teachingbase"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/teachingbase"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28069"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.embl.org\/ells\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}